[1] Achour, F., Bouzelboudjen, M., 1998. Spatial-Temporal Variability of Water Resources in Semi-Arid Regions: Application to the Cheliff Basin, Algeria. IAHS Publ., 252: 225-234 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/32969444_Variabilit_spatio-temporelle_des_ressources_en_eau_en_rgion_semi-aride_Application_au_bassin_du_Chelif_Algrie
[2] Andreasen, D. C., Fleck, W. B., 1997. Use of Bromide: Chloride Ratios to Differentiate Potential Sources of Chloride in a Shallow, Unconfined Aquifer Affected by Brackish-Water Intrusion. Hydrogeology Journal, 5(2): 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050104
[3] ANRH Blida (National Water Resources Agency, Wilaya of Blida), 2017. Internal Document: Climatic Data 1971-2017; Geological and Geophysical Sections; Hydrogeological Yearbook of the Upper and Middle Cheliff Alluvial Groundwater Table. 14-17
[4] Aouidane, L., 2017. Origins of Salinisation of Water and Soil in a Semi-Arid Climate Zone: Case of Remila (W. Khenchela): [Dissertation]. University of Biskra, Biskra. 75-77
[5] Appelo, C. A. J., Postma, D., 1993. Geochemistry, Grounwater and Pollution. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam
[6] Bathurst, R. G. C., 1971. Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis. Development in Sedimentoloqy, Elsevier, Amsterdam
[7] Beal, L. K., Wong, C. I., Bautista, K. K., et al., 2019. Isotopic and Geochemical Assessment of the Sensitivity of Groundwater Resources of Guam, Mariana Islands, to Intra- And Inter-Annual Variations in Hydroclimate. Journal of Hydrology, 568: 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.049
[8] Belkoum, N., Houha, B., 2017. Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Geochemistry Contribution to the Characterization of the Aquifers of the Upper Plains of Algeria, Case of the Basin of Chemora, Oriental Algeria. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8: 3262-3268 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/317780434_Hydrochemistry_and_isotopic_geochemistry_contribution_to_the_characterization_of_the_aquifers_of_the_upper_Plains_of_Algeria_case_of_the_basin_of_Chemora_oriental_Algeria
[9] Bemiloud, N., 2017. Sig Modelling of Nitrate Contamination Potential in the Middle Western Cheliff Plain: [Dissertation]. University of Chlef, Chlef. 199
[10] Blavoux, B., Létolle, R., 1995. Contributions of Isotopic Techniques to the Knowledge of Mineral Water Deposits. White Coal, 54(2/3): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1995013
[11] Blum, A., Barbier, J., Chery, I., Petelet-Giraud, E., 2001. Contribution to the Characterization of Geochemical Groundwater Baseline Conditions. Tools and Methodology, 51093: 268
[12] Bouchaou, L., Michelot, J. L., Vengosh, A., et al., 2008. Application of Multiple Isotopic and Geochemical Tracers for Investigation of Recharge, Salinization, and Residence Time of Water in the Souss-Massa Aquifer, Southwest of Morocco. Journal of Hydrology, 352(3/4): 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022
[13] Bouzelboudjen, M., 1987. Hydrogéologie et Bilan de la Nappe d'El Amra-El Abadia Par Modèles Mathématiques (Bassin du Moyen Cheliff, Algérie): [Dissertation]. Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon. 197 (in French)
[14] Celle, H., 2000. Characterization of Precipitation around the Western Mediterranean-Isotopic and Chemical Approach: [Dissertation]. University of Avignon and Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon. 222 (in French)
[15] Chenaker, H., Houha, B., Vincent, V., 2018. Hydrogeochemistry and Geothermometry of Thermal Water from North-Eastern Algeria. Geothermics, 75: 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.04.009
[16] Cheng, Z. S., Zhang, Y. B., Su, C., et al., 2017. Chemical and Isotopic Response to Intensive Groundwater Abstraction and Its Implications on Aquifer Sustainability in Shijiazhuang, China. Journal of Earth Science, 28(3): 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0729-5
[17] Chkir, N., Zouari, K., 2008. Uranium Isotopic Disequilibrium for Groundwater Classification: First Results on Complexe Terminal and Continental Intercalaire Aquifers in Southern Tunisia. Environmental Geology, 53(3): 677-685 doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0682-1
[18] Clark, I., Fritz, P., 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers, New York
[19] Craig, H., 1961. Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters. Science, 133(3465): 1702-1703. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
[20] DHW, 1971. Hydro Geological Study of Upper and Middle Cheliff. Environmental Studies and Hydraulic Research Department. State Secretariat for Hydraulics, Algeria
[21] Djabri, L., 1996. Pollution of the Waters of the Seybouse Valley-Guelma-Bouchegouf-Annaba Regions, Its Geological, Industrial, Agricultural and Urban Origins: [Dissertation]. University of Annaba, Annaba. 247
[22] Djada, F., 1987. Hydrogeological Study and Simulation by Mathematical Model of the Khemis Miliana Water Table (Haut Cheliff Basin- Algerian): [Dissertation]. University of Basançon, Basançon. 185 (in French)
[23] Edmunds, W. M., 1996. Bromine Geochemistry of British Groundwaters. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(399): 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.03
[24] Farid, I., Zouari, K., Rigane, A., et al., 2015. Origin of the Groundwater Salinity and Geochemical Processes in Detrital and Carbonate Aquifers: Case of Chougafiya Basin (Central Tunisia). Journal of Hydrology, 530: 508-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.009
[25] Fedrigoni, L., Krimissa, M., Zouari, K., et al., 2001. Origin of the Salinisation and Hydrogeochemical Behaviour of a Phreatic Aquifer Suffering Severe Natural and Anthropic Constraints: An Example from the Djebeniana Aquifer (Tunisia). CR. Acad. Sci., 332: 665-672 http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000035531707010_ce61.html
[26] Fidelibus, M. D., Tulipano, L., 1986. Mixing Phenomena Owing to Sea Water Intrusion for the Interpretation of Chemical and Isotopic Data of Discharge Water in the Apulian Coastal Carbonate Aquifer (Southern Italy). Proceedings 9th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, May 12-16, 1986, Delft
[27] Fisher, R. S., Mullican, I. F., 1997. Hydrochemical Evolution of Sodium-Sulfate and Sodium-Chloride Groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, Trans-Pecos, Texas, USA. Hydrogeology Journal, 5(2): 4-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050102
[28] Ghebouli, M. S., Bencheikh Elhocine, M., 2008. Origine de la Salinité des Eaux Souterraines cas de Hautes Plaines Setifiennes (Nord-Est Algérien). Sciences & Technologie, 28: 37-46 http://umc.edu.dz/revue/index.php/a/article/view/43
[29] Girard, P., Hillaire-Marcel, C., 1997. Determining the Source of Nitrate Pollution in the Niger Discontinuous Aquifers Using the Natural Ratios. Journal of Hydrology, 199(3/4): 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03318-5
[30] Glangeaud, L., 1955. The Plio-Quaternary Deformations of North Africa. Geologische Rundschau, 43(1): 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01764100
[31] Gleick, P. H., 1996. Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs. Water International, 21(2): 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508069608686494
[32] Gonfiantini, R., 1996. On the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation. In: Proceedings, International Symposium on Isotope Hydrology, BRGM-ORSTOM, Paris
[33] Gupta, S., Mahato, A., Roy, P., et al., 2008. Geochemistry of Groundwater, Burdwan District, West Bengal, India. Environmental Geology, 53(6): 1271-1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0725-7
[34] Han, D. M., Song, X. F., Currell, M. J., et al., 2014. Chemical and Isotopic Constraints on Evolution of Groundwater Salinization in the Coastal Plain Aquifer of Laizhou Bay, China. Journal of Hydrology, 508: 12-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040
[35] Hsissou, Y., Mudry, J., Mania, J., et al., 1999. Use of the Br/Cl Ratio to Determine the Origin of Groundwater Salinity: Example of the Souss Plain (Morocco). Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences-Series ⅡA-Earth and Planetary Science, 328(6): 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8050(99)80103-7
[36] IFES, 2002. Design Office, Miliana, Geophysical Study Report by Electric Prospecting of the Middle Chélif, El Attaf
[37] Kamel, S., Dassi, L., Zouari, K., et al., 2006. Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Approach to Hydrodynamic Exchanges between Deep and Superficial Aquifers of the Djerid Basin, Tunisia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 51(4): 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.4.713
[38] Kirèche, O., 1977. Geological and Structural Study of the Cheliff Schistosity Massifs (Doui, Rouina, Temoulga): [Dissertation]. Université de Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger
[39] Kirèche, O., 1993. Geodynamic Evolution of the Maghrebian Tellian Margin According to the Study of the Para-Native domain Shistose; Chp: Massif du Chéliff Oranaie: [Dissertation]. Université de Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger. 39-54
[40] Lepvrier, C., 1971. Data Related to Schistosity and Metamorphism in the Cheliff and Bou Maad Massifs (Native North and Mesotellian). C. R. Acad. Sci., 284-286
[41] Lepvrier, C., 1978. The Synschist Lying Folds of the Cheliff Massifs (Algerian Tell, Algerian). Rev. Geol. Dyn. Geogr. Phys., 20(1): 119-136
[42] Li, S. L., Liu, C. Q., Li, J., et al., 2013. Evaluation of Nitrate Source in Surface Water of Southwestern China Based on Stable Isotopes. Environmental Earth Sciences, 68(1): 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1733-9
[43] Liu, C. Q., Li, S. L., Lang, Y. C., et al., 2006. Using Δ15N- and Δ18O-Values to Identify Nitrate Sources in Karst Ground Water, Guiyang, Southwest China. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(22): 6928-6933. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0610129
[44] Ma, F. S., Wei, A. H., Deng, Q. H., et al., 2014. Hydrochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Coastal Region of Tangshan, China. Journal of Earth Science, 25(6): 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0492-9
[45] Marjoua, A., 1995. Geochemical Approach and Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Coastal Chaouia Aquifer (Morocco): Origin of Water Salinisation: [Dissertation]. University of Paris, Paris. 102 (in French)
[46] Mattauer, M., 1958. Geological Study of the Eastern Ouarsenis (Algeria): [Dissertation]. University of Paris, Paris. 343 (in French)
[47] Mebrouk, M., Stambol, M., Issaadi, A., 2003. Contributions of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes to the Study of the Feeding Modality of the Aquifers of Ain Oussara (Algeria) under Semi-Arid Climate. Algeria Newspaper of the Arid Region, 2: 84-92
[48] Meghraoui, M., 1982. Neotectonic Study of the North-Western Region of El Asnam. Relation with the Earthquake of October 10, 1980: [Dissertation]. University of Paris, Paris. 182 (in French)
[49] Meghraoui, M., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., 1986. Seismotectonics of the Lower Cheliff Basin: Structural Background of the El Asnam (Algeria) Earthquake. Tectonics, 5(6): 809-836. https://doi.org/10.1029/tc005i006p00809
[50] Mehr, S. S., Moghaddam, A. A., Field, M. S., 2017. Hydrogeological and Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Brackish Groundwater in the Shabestar Plain Aquifer, Northwest Iran. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(4): 1381-1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0192-6
[51] Meybeck, M., 1984. Influences of Atmospheric Precipitation on the Chemical Composition of Surface Waters: [Dissertation]. University P-M. Curie, Paris. 1-30
[52] Mohamed, A. S., 2012. Geochemical and Hydrodynamic Approaches of Trarza Groundwater Recharge, South-Western Mauritania: [Dissertation]. The Eleventh University in Paris, Paris
[53] Mustapha, E. M., Younes, F., Abdenbi, E. M., et al., 2012. Salinisation of Groundwater around the Sad Al Majnoun and Zima Sebkhas (Bahira plain), Morocco. Drought, 23(1): 48-56
[54] Njitchoua, R., Dever, L., Fontes, J. C., et al., 1997. Geochemistry, Origin and Recharge Mechanisms of Groundwaters from the Garoua Sandstone Aquifer, Northen Cameroon. Journal of Hydrology, 190(1/2): 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03049-1
[55] Obert, D., Lepvrier, C., 1976. Paleotectonics in North Africa: The Example of the Babors and the Bou Maad Ensemble, Cheliff Massifs (Algeria). 4th RAST, 308
[56] Ogrinc, N., Tamše, S., Zavadlav, S., et al., 2019. Evaluation of Geochemical Processes and Nitrate Pollution Sources at the Ljubljansko Polje Aquifer (Slovenia): A Stable Isotope Perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 646: 1588-1600 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.245
[57] Perrodon, A., 1957. Geological Study of the Sublittoral Neogenous Basins of North-Western Algeria: [Dissertation]. University of Paris, Paris. 343 (in French)
[58] Piper, A. M., 1944. Graphical Procedure in Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analysis. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 25: 914-928. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i006p00914
[59] Rittenhouse, G., 1967. Bromine in Oil-Field Waters and Its Use in Determining Possibilities of Origin of these Waters. AAPG Bulletin, 51: 2430-2440 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/30002440311
[60] Simler, R., 2009. Diagrammes Software. http://www.lha.univavignon.fr/LHA-Logiciels.htm
[61] Stadler, S., Osenbrück, K., Knöller, K., et al., 2008. Understanding the Origin and Fate of Nitrate in Groundwater of Semi-Arid Environments. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(10): 1830-1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.003
[62] Stoecker, F., Babel, M. S., Gupta, A. D., et al., 2013. Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characterization of Groundwater Salinization in the Bangkok Aquifer System, Thailand. Environmental Earth Sciences, 68(3): 749-763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1776-y
[63] Takrouni, M., 2003. Natural Tracing of the Relations between Deep Aquifers, Surface Water Tables and Marine Intrusion in the Sfax Basin (Tunisia): [Dissertation]. University of Paris-Sud, Orsay (in French)
[64] Touhari, F., 2015. Upper Cheliff Valley Water Quality Study: [Dissertation]. École Nationale Supérieure D'hydraulique, Blida. 139
[65] Trabelsi, R., Zairi, M., Dhia, H. B., 2007. Groundwater Salinization of the Sfax Superficial Aquifer, Tunisia. Hydrogeology Journal, 15(7): 1341-1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0182-0
[66] UNESCO, 1978. World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth. Studies and Reports in Hydrology, 25: 663 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003425708
[67] Wali, S. U., Umar, K. J., Abubakar, S. D., et al., 2019. Hydrochemical Characterization of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in Basement Complex Areas of Southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 9(8): 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1042-5
[68] Wright, M. T., McMahon, P. B., Landon, M. K., et al., 2019. Groundwater Quality of a Public Supply Aquifer in Proximity to Oil Development, Fruitvale Oil Field, Bakersfield, California. Applied Geochemistry, 106: 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.05.003
[69] Zhao, W., Ma, J. Z., Gu, C. J., et al., 2016. Distribution of Isotopes and Chemicals in Precipitation in Shule River Basin, Northwestern China: An Implication for Water Cycle and Groundwater Recharge. Journal of Arid Land, 8(6): 973-985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-016-0091-y
[70] Zheng, X. H., Duan, C. Y., Xia, B. R., et al., 2019. Hydrogeochemical Modeling of the Shallow Thermal Water Evolution in Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Tibet. Journal of Earth Science, 30(4): 870-878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0918-7