[1] Bankole, S. A., Buckman, J., Stow, D., et al., 2019. Automated Image Analysis of Mud and Mudrock Microstructure and Characteristics of Hemipelagic Sediments: IODP Expedition 339. Journal of Earth Science, 30(2): 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-019-1210-4
[2] Bertier, P., Schweinar, K., Stanjek, H., et al., 2016. On the Use and Abuse of N2 Physisorption for the Characterisation of the Pore Structure of Shales. Cms Workshop Lectures, 21: 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1346/cms-wls-21.12
[3] Chalmers, G. R., Bustin, R. M., Power, I. M., 2012. Characterization of Gas Shale Pore Systems by Porosimetry, Pycnometry, Surface Area, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy/transmission Electron Microscopy Image Analyses: Examples from the Barnett, Woodford, Haynesville, Marcellus, and Doig Units. AAPG Bulletin, 96(6): 1099–1119. https://doi.org/10.1306/10171111052
[4] Chang, S., Feng, Q. L., Zhang, L., 2018. New Siliceous Microfossils from the Terreneuvian Yanjiahe Formation, South China: The Possible Earliest Radiolarian Fossil Record. Journal of Earth Science, 29(4): 912–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0960-0
[5] Chen, L., Lu, Y. C., Jiang, S., et al., 2015. Heterogeneity of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Marine Shale in the Southeast Sichuan Basin of China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 65: 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.04.003
[6] Chen, Q., Zhang, J. C., Tang, X., et al., 2016. Relationship between Pore Type and Pore Size of Marine Shale: An Example from the Sinian– Cambrian Formation, Upper Yangtze Region, South China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 158: 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.03.001
[7] Chen, Y. Y., Mastalerz, M., Schimmelmann, A., 2014. Heterogeneity of Shale Documented by Micro-FTIR and Image Analysis. Journal of Microscopy, 256(3): 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12169
[8] Clarkson, C. R., Solano, N., Bustin, R. M., et al., 2013. Pore Structure Characterization of North American Shale Gas Reservoirs Using USANS/SANS, Gas Adsorption, and Mercury Intrusion. Fuel, 103: 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.119
[9] Curtis, M. E., Cardott, B. J., Sondergeld, C. H., et al., 2012. Development of Organic Porosity in the Woodford Shale with Increasing Thermal Maturity. International Journal of Coal Geology, 103: 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.08.004
[10] Fu, H. J., Tang, D. Z., Xu, T., et al., 2017. Characteristics of Pore Structure and Fractal Dimension of Low-Rank Coal: A Case Study of Lower Jurassic Xishanyao Coal in the Southern Junggar Basin, NW China. Fuel, 193: 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.069
[11] Gregg, S. J., Sing, K. S. W., 1982. Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity: 2nd Ed.. Academic Press, London
[12] Guo, Q. J., Strauss, H., Zhu, M. Y., et al., 2013. High Resolution Organic Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy from a Slope to Basinal Setting on the Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for the Ediacaran– Cambrian Transition. Precambrian Research, 225: 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.003
[13] Hazra, B., Wood, D. A., Vishal, V., et al., 2018. Porosity Controls and Fractal Disposition of Organic-Rich Permian Shales Using Low-Pressure Adsorption Techniques. Fuel, 220: 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.023
[14] Hu, J. G., Tang, S. H., Zhang, S. H., 2016. Investigation of Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shales in Western Hunan and Hubei Provinces in China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 28: 522–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.12.024
[15] Li, A., Ding, W. L., He, J. H., et al., 2016. Investigation of Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shale Reservoirs: A Case Study of Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in Malong Block of Eastern Yunnan Province, South China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 70: 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.11.004
[16] Li, J. Q., Zhang, P. F., Lu, S. F., et al., 2018. Scale-Dependent Nature of Porosity and Pore Size Distribution in Lacustrine Shales: An Investigation by BIB-SEM and X-Ray CT Methods. Journal of Earth Science, 30(4): 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-018-0835-z
[17] Li, Y., Wang, Z. S., Pan, Z. J., et al., 2019. Pore Structure and Its Fractal Dimensions of Transitional Shale: A Cross-Section from East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China. Fuel, 241: 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.066
[18] Li, Z. Q., Shen, X., Qi, Z. Y., et al., 2018. Study on the Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Marine and Continental Shale Based on Mercury Porosimetry, N2 Adsorption and NMR Methods. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 53: 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.02.027
[19] Liang, C., Jiang, Z. X., Cao, Y. C., et al., 2017. Sedimentary Characteristics and Paleoenvironment of Shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, North Guizhou Province, and Its Shale Gas Potential. Journal of Earth Science, 28(6): 1020–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0932-x
[20] Liang, L. X., Xiong, J., Liu, X. J., 2015. An Investigation of the Fractal Characteristics of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation Shale Using Nitrogen Adsorption Analysis. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 27: 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.07.023
[21] Liu, X. F., Song, D. Z., He, X. Q., et al., 2019. Nanopore Structure of Deep-Burial Coals Explored by AFM. Fuel, 246: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.090
[22] Liu, X. J., Xiong, J., Liang, L. X., 2015. Investigation of Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Organic-Rich Yanchang Formation Shale in Central China by Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption Analysis. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 22: 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2014.11.020
[23] Loucks, R. G., Reed, R. M., Ruppel, S. C., et al., 2009. Morphology, Genesis, and Distribution of Nanometer-Scale Pores in Siliceous Mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79(12): 848–861. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2009.092
[24] Loucks, R. G., Reed, R. M., Ruppel, S. C., et al., 2012. Spectrum of Pore Types and Networks in Mudrocks and a Descriptive Classification for Matrix-Related Mudrock Pores. AAPG Bulletin, 96(6): 1071–1098. https://doi.org/10.1306/08171111061
[25] Loucks, R. G., Ruppel, S. C., 2007. Mississippian Barnett Shale: Lithofacies and Depositional Setting of a Deep-Water Shale-Gas Succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin, 91(4): 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1306/11020606059
[26] Lü, D. W., Wang, D. D., Li, Z. X., et al., 2017. Depositional Environment, Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Mineralization Mechanism in the Coal Bed- and Oil Shale-Bearing Succession: A Case from the Paleogene Huangxian Basin of China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 148: 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.09.028
[27] Mandelbrot, B. B., 1975. Les Objects Fractals: Form, Hasard et Dimension. Flammarion, Paris
[28] Nelson, P. H., 2009. Pore-Throat Sizes in Sandstones, Tight Sandstones, and Shales. AAPG Bulletin, 93(3): 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1306/10240808059
[29] Niu, X., Yan, D. T., Zhuang, X. G., et al., 2018. Origin of Quartz in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in South Hubei Province, Upper Yangtze Platform. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 96: 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.06.005
[30] Pfeifer, P., Avnir, D., 1983. Chemistry in Noninteger Dimensions between Two and Three. I. Fractal Theory of Heterogeneous Surfaces. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 79(7): 3558–3565. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.446210
[31] Pyun, S. I., Rhee, C. K., 2004. An Investigation of Fractal Characteristics of Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes with Various Pore Structures. Electrochimica Acta, 49(24): 4171–4180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.012
[32] Shao, X. H., Pang, X. Q., Li, Q. W., et al., 2017. Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shales: A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shales in the Sichuan Basin, SW China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 80: 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.11.025
[33] Sing, K. S. W., Everett, D. H., Haul, R. A. W., et al., 1985. Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57(4): 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603
[34] Steele, W. A., 1983. Adsorption Surface Area and Porosity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 94(2): 597–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(83)90305-3
[35] Steiner, M., Li, G. X., Qian, Y., et al., 2007. Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossil Assemblages and a Revised Biostratigraphic Correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1/2): 67–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.046
[36] Sun, M. D., Yu, B. S., Hu, Q. H., et al., 2017. Pore Characteristics of Longmaxi Shale Gas Reservoir in the Northwest of Guizhou, China: Investigations Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Helium Pycnometry, and Gas Sorption Isotherm. International Journal of Coal Geology, 171: 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.12.004
[37] Sun, W., Zuo, Y. J., Wu, Z. H., et al., 2019. Fractal Analysis of Pores and the Pore Structure of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Shale in Northern Guizhou Province: Investigations Using NMR, SEM and Image Analyses. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 99: 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.042
[38] Sun, Y. F., Zhao, Y. X., Yuan, L., 2018. Quantifying Nano-Pore Heterogeneity and Anisotropy in Gas Shale by Synchrotron Radiation Nano-CT. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 258: 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.08.049
[39] Tang, X. L., Jiang, Z. X., Huang, H. X., et al., 2016. Lithofacies Characteristics and Its Effect on Gas Storage of the Silurian Longmaxi Marine Shale in the Southeast Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 28: 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.12.026
[40] Tang, X. L., Jiang, Z. X., Li, Z., et al., 2015. The Effect of the Variation in Material Composition on the Heterogeneous Pore Structure of High-Maturity Shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 23: 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.02.031
[41] Wang, H. J., Wu, W., Chen, T., et al., 2019. Pore Structure and Fractal Analysis of Shale Oil Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay, China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 177: 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.081
[42] Wang, H. Z., Mo, X. X., 1995. An Outline of the Tectonic Evolution of China. Episodes, 18(1/2): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1995/v18i1.2/003
[43] Wang, J. B., Bao, H. Y., Lu, Y. Q., et al., 2019. Quantitative Characterization and Main Controlling Factors of Shale Gas Occurrence in Jiaoshiba Area, Fuling. Earth Science, 44(3): 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2018.388 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
[44] Wang, J., Li, Z., 2003. History of Neoproterozoic Rift Basins in South China: Implications for Rodinia Break-Up. Precambrian Research, 122(1/2/3/4): 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(02)00209-7
[45] Wang, P. F., Jiang, Z. X., Yin, L. S., et al., 2017. Lithofacies Classification and Its Effect on Pore Structure of the Cambrian Marine Shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China: Evidence from FE-SEM and Gas Adsorption Analysis. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 156: 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.06.011
[46] Wang, Y., Zhu, Y. M., Liu, S. M., et al., 2016. Pore Characterization and Its Impact on Methane Adsorption Capacity for Organic-Rich Marine Shales. Fuel, 181: 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.082
[47] Wei, X. F., Liu, R. B., Zhang, T. S., et al., 2013. Micro-Pores Structure Characteristics and Development Control Factors of Shale Gas Reservoir: A Case of Longmaxi Formation in XX Area of Southern Sichan and Northern Guizhou. Natural Gas Geoscience, 4(5): 1048–1059 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
[48] Wu, C. J., Tuo, J. C., Zhang, L. F., et al., 2017. Pore Characteristics Differences between Clay-Rich and Clay-Poor Shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Northern Guizhou Area, and Insights into Shale Gas Storage Mechanisms. International Journal of Coal Geology, 178: 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.04.009
[49] Xu, H., Zhou, W., Zhang, R., et al., 2019. Characterizations of Pore, Mineral and Petrographic Properties of Marine Shale Using Multiple Techniques and Their Implications on Gas Storage Capability for Sichuan Longmaxi Gas Shale Field in China. Fuel, 241: 360–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.035
[50] Yang, F., Ning, Z. F., Wang, Q., et al., 2016. Pore Structure of Cambrian Shales from the Sichuan Basin in China and Implications to Gas Storage. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 70: 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.11.001
[51] Yang, X. Q., Fan, T. L., Wu, Y., 2016. Lithofacies and Cyclicity of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Shale in the Mayang Basin of Western Hunan, South China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 28: 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.11.007
[52] Yao, Y. B., Liu, D. M., Tang, D. Z., et al., 2008. Fractal Characterization of Adsorption-Pores of Coals from North China: An Investigation on CH4 Adsorption Capacity of Coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 73(1): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2007.07.003
[53] Zeng, W. T., Zhang, J. C., Ding, W. L., et al., 2014. The Gas Content of Continental Yanchang Shale and It Main Controlling Factors: A Case Study of Liuping-171 Well in Ordos Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 25(2): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2014.02.0291 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
[54] Zhang, S. L., Yan, J. P., Hu, Q. H., et al., 2019. Integrated NMR and FE-SEM Methods for Pore Structure Characterization of Shahejie Shale from the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 100: 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.003
[55] Zhou, L., Kang, Z. H., 2016. Fractal Characterization of Pores in Shales Using NMR: A Case Study from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Middle Yangtze Platform, Southwest China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 35: 860–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.09.030
[56] Zhu, R. K., Jin, X., Wang, X. Q., et al., 2018. Multi-Scale Digital Rock Evaluation on Complex Reservoir. Earth Science, 43(5): 1773–1782. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2018.429 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
[57] Zou, C. N., Zhu, R. K., Bai, B, et al., 2011. First Discovery of Nano-Pore Throat in Oil and Gas Reservoir in China and Its Scientific Value. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(6): 1857–1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-011-3157-6 (in Chinese with English Abstract)