| Citation: | Lei DOU, Yong-zhang ZHOU, Jin MA, Yong LI, Qiu-ming CHENG, Shu-yun XIE, Hai-yan DU, Yuan-hang YOU, Hong-fu WAN. Using Multivariate Statistical and Geostatistical Methods to Identify Spatial Variability of Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils in Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2008, 19(4): 343-353.
|
Dongguan (东莞) City, located in the Pearl River Delta, South China, is famous for its rapid industrialization in the past 30 years. A total of 90 topsoil samples have been collected from agricultural fields, including vegetable and orchard soils in the city, and eight heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and other items (pH values and organic matter) have been analyzed, to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities on the environmental quality of agricultural soils and to identify the spatial distribution of trace elements and possible sources of trace elements. The elements Hg, Pb, and Cd have accumulated remarkably here, incomparison with the soil background content of elements in Guangdong (广东) Province. Pollution is more serious in the western plain and the central region, which are heavily distributed with industries and rivers. Multivariate and geostatistical methods have been applied to differentiate the influences of natural processes and human activities on the pollution of heavy metals in topsoils in the study area. The results of cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis (FA) show that Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, and As are grouped in factor F1, Pb in F2, and Cd and Hg in F3, respectively. The spatial pattern of the three factors may be well demonstrated by geostatistical analysis. It is shown that the first factor could be considered as a natural source controlled by parent rocks. The second factor could be referred to as "industrial and traffic pollution sources". The source of the third factor is mainly controlled by long-term anthropic activities, as a consequence of agricultural activities, fossil fuel consumption, and atmospheric deposition.
| Agricultural Chemistry Committee of China, 1983. Conventional Methods of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese) |
| Baranowska, I., Barchanska, H., Pyrsz, A., 2005. Distribution of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Trophic Chain. Chemosphere, 60(11): 1590–1599 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.053 |
| Chen, T. B., Wong, J. W., Zhou, H. Y., et al., 1997. Assessment of Trace Metal Distribution and Contamination in Surface Soils of Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution, 96(1): 61–68 doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00003-1 |
| Cui, Y., Zhu, Y. G., Zhai, R., et al., 2005. Exposure to Metal Mixtures and Human Health Impacts in a Contaminated Area in Nanning, China. Environment International, 31(6): 784–790 doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.025 |
| de Temmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., et al., 2003. Heavy Metal Content of Arable Soils in Northern Belgium. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 148(1–4): 61–76 |
| Dongguan City Statistical Bureau, 2004. Dongguan City Statistical Year Book. China Statistics Press, Beijing. 190(in Chinese) |
| Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L., 2001. Multivariate Statistical and GIS-Based Approach to Identify Heavy Metal Sources in Soils. Environmental Pollution, 114(3): 313–324 doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8 |
| Gallego, J. L., Ordonez, A., Loredo, J., 2002. Investigation of Trace Element Sources from an Industrialized Area (Aviles, Northern Spain) Using Multivariate Statistical Methods. Environment International, 27(7): 589–596 doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00115-5 |
| Gimeno-Garcia, E., Andreu, V., Boluda, R., 1996. Heavy Metals Incidence in the Application of Inorganic Fertilizers and Pesticides to Rice Farming Soils. Environmental Pollution, 92(1): 19–25 doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)00090-9 |
| Ikingura, J. R., Akagi, H., Mujumba, J., et al., 2006. Environmental Assessment of Mercury Dispersion, Transformation and Bioavailability in the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Management, 81(2): 167–173 |
| Kober, B., Wessels, M., Bollhofer, A., et al., 1999. Pb Isotopes in Sediments of Lake Constance, Central Europe Constrain the Heavy Metal Pathways and the Pollution History of the Catchment, the Lake and the Regional Atmosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(9): 1293–1303 doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00064-2 |
| Kuo, T. H., Chang, C. F., Urba, A., et al., 2006. Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury in Northern Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 368(1): 10–18 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.10.017 |
| Linak, W. P., Wendt, J. O., 1994. Trace Metal Transformation Mechanisms during Coal Combustion. Fuel Processing Technology, 39(1–3): 173–198 doi: 10.1016/0378-3820(94)90179-1 |
| Liu, X., Xu, J., Zhang, M., et al., 2004. Effects of Land Management Change on Spatial Variability of Organic Matter and Nutrients in Paddy Field: A Case Study of Pinghu, China. Environmental Management, 34(5): 691–700 doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0053-6 |
| Luo, W., Wang, T., Lu, Y., et al., 2007. Landscape Ecology of the Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China: Multivariate and Geostatistical Analyses of Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution, 146(2): 567–576 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.001 |
| Manta, D. S., Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., et al., 2002. Heavy Metals in Urban Soils: A Case Study from the City of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. The Science of the Total Environment, 300(1–3): 229–243 doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00273-5 |
| Mantovi, P., Bonazzi, G., Maestri, E., et al., 2003. Accumulation of Copper and Zinc from Liquid Manure in Agricultural Soils and Crop Plants. Plant and Soil, 250(2): 249–257 doi: 10.1023/A:1022848131043 |
| Mukherjee, A. B., Zevenhoven, R., 2006. Mercury in Coal Ash and Its Fate in the Indian Subcontinent: A Synoptic Review. Science of the Total Environment, 368(1): 384–392 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.022 |
| Mukherjee, A. B., Zevenhoven, R., Bhattacharya, P., et al., 2008. Mercury Flow via Coal and Coal Utilization By-Products: A Global Perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(4): 571–591 doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.09.002 |
| Nakagawa, R., Hiromoto, M., 1997. Geographical Distribution and Background Levels of Total Mercury in Air in Japan and Neighbouring Countries. Chemosphere, 34(4): 801–806 doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00008-8 |
| Nan, Z., Zhao, C., Li, J., et al., 2002. Relations between Soil Properties and Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) Grown in Contaminated Soils. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 133(1): 205–213 |
| Nicholson, F. A., Smith, S. R., Alloway, B. J., et al., 2003. An Inventory of Heavy Metals Inputs to Agricultural Soils in England and Wales. Science of the Total Environment, 311(1–3): 205–219 doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00139-6 |
| Raghunath, R., Tripathi, R. M., Kumar, A. V., et al., 1999. Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn Exposures of 6- to 10-Year-Old Children in Mumbai. Environmental Research, 80(3): 215–221 doi: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3919 |
| Rodriguez, M. J., Arias, M. L., Grau, C. J., 2006. Heavy Metals Contents in Agricultural Topsoils in the Ebro Basin(Spain): Application of the Multivariate Geostatistical Methods to Study Spatial Variations. Environmental Pollution, 144(3): 1001–1012 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.045 |
| Sauerbeck, D. R., 1991. Plant Element and Soil Properties Governing Uptake and Availability of Heavy Metals Derived from Sewage Sludge. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 57–58 (1): 227–237 |
| State Environmental Protection Administration, 1993. Research of Environmental Background Values and Capacity. Science Press, Beijing. 13 (in Chinese) |
| State Environmental Protection Administration, 1997. Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB15618-1995), GB15618-1995. Standards Press of China, Beijing (in Chinese) |
| Wang, D., Shi, X., Wei, S., 2003. Accumulation and Transformation of Atmospheric Mercury in Soil. The Science of the Total Environment, 304(1–3): 209–214 doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00569-7 |
| Webster, R., Oliver, M. A., 2001. Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. 37–103 |
| Xia, Y. S., Li, F. B., Wan, H. F., et al., 2004. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals of Agricultural Soils in Dongguan, China. Journal of Environment Sciences, 16(6): 912–918 |
| Zheng, N., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., et al., 2007. Population Health Risk due to Dietary Intake of Heavy Metals in the Industrial Area of Huludao City, China. Science of the Total Environment, 387(1–3): 96–104 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.044 |
Figures(3) / Tables(5)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
