Citation: | Shiguo Wu, Qinghua Han, Yubo Ma, Dongdong Dong, Fuliang Lü. Petroleum System in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea. Journal of Earth Science, 2009, 20(1): 124-135. doi: 10.1007/s12583-009-0014-3 |
The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic. In the rifting stage, the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments. In the post-rifting thermal subsidence, the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposits, and the deepwater basins formed. Petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells. Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel fill, mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform. Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstones with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage. Meanwhile, the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favourable for the formation of reservoirs. The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta, deepwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.
Dong, D. D., Wu, S. G., Zhang, G. C., et al., 2008. Rifting Process and Formation Mechanisms of Syn-rift Stage Prolongation in the Deepwater Basin, Northern South China Sea. Chin. Sci. Bull., 53(19): 2342–2351 doi: 10.1360/csb2008-53-19-2342 |
Dorrik, A. V. S., Mayall, M., 2000. Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems: New Models for the 21st Century. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17(2): 125–135 doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00064-1 |
Fu, N., Mi, L. J., Zhang, G. C., 2007. Source Rocks and Origin of Oil and Gas in the Northern Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(3): 32–38 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SYXB200703006.htm |
Gong, Z. S., Li, S. T., 1997. Continental Margin Basin Analysis and Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Northern South China Sea. Science Press, Beijing. 1–52 (in Chinese) |
Hao, H. J., Lin, H. M., Yang, M. X. et al., 2001. Mesozoic in the Chaoshan Sag, a New Frontier for Oil/Gas Exporation. China Offshore Oil and Gas (Geology) 15: 157–163 (in Chinese) http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10026539815 |
He, S. B., Zhang, G. C., Mi, L. J., et al., 2007. Reservoir Type and Sedimentary Evolution in the Continental Margin Deepwater Area of the Northern South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(5): 51–56 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB200705010.htm |
Khain, V. E., Polyakova, I. D., 2004. Oil and Gas Potential of Deep- and Ultradeep-Water Zones of Continental Margins. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 39(6): 530–540 doi: 10.1023/B:LIMI.0000046956.08736.e4 |
Li, C. F., Zhou, Z., Li, J., et al., 2007. Structures of the Northeasternmost South China Sea Continental Margin and Ocean Basin: Geophysical Constraints and Tectonic Implications. Marine Geophysical Researches, 28(1): 59–79 doi: 10.1007/s11001-007-9014-9 |
Liu, B. J., Shen, J., Pang, X., et al., 2007. Characteristics of Continental Delta Deposits in Zhuhai Formation of Baiyun Sag in Pearl River Mouth Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(2): 49–61 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB200702008.htm |
Liu, T. S., He, S. B., 2001. Deepwater Hydrocarbon Potential along the North Continental Margin, the South China Sea. China Offshore Oil and Gas (Geology), 15(3): 164–170 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZHSD200103002.htm |
Luedmann, T., Wong, H. K., 1999. Neotectonic Regime on the Passive Continental Margin of the Northern South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 311(1–4): 113–138 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195199001559 |
Ma, Y. B., Wu, S. G., 2008. The Comparison Research of Deep Water Hydrocarbon Geologic Condition between Shelf Margin Basin of North SCS and Campos Basin. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 28(4): 101–110 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200804016.htm |
Pang, X., Chen, C. M., Peng, D. J., et al., 2004. The Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System and Petroleum Resources on the Northern Slope of the South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78: 626–631 |
Pang, X., Chen, C. M., Shi, H., et al., 2005. Response between Relative Sea-Level Change and the Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System in the South China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 167–177 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200503024.htm |
Pang, X., Chen, C. M., Zhu, M., et al., 2009. Baiyun Movement: A Significant Tectonic Event on Oligocene/Miocene Boundary in the Northern South China Sea and Its Regional Implications. Journal of Earth Science, 20(1): 49–56 doi: 10.1007/s12583-009-0005-4 |
Peng, D. J., Pang, X., Chen, C., et al., 2006. The Characteristics and Controlling Factors for the Formation of Deep-Water Fan System in South China Sea. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 24(1): 10–18 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://search.cnki.net/down/default.aspx?filename=CJXB200601001&dbcode=CJFD&year=2006&dflag=pdfdown |
Peng, D. J., Pang, X., Huang, X., et al., 2007. Depositional Model of Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System in South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(5): 7–11 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB200705003.htm |
Pettingill, H. S., Weimer, P., 2002. World Wide Deep Water Exploration and Production: Past, Present, and Future. The Leading Edge, 21(4): 371–376 doi: 10.1190/1.1471600 |
Sattler, U., Zampetti, V., Schlager, W., et al., 2004. Late Leaching under Deep Burial Conditions: A Case Study from the Miocene Zhujiang Carbonate Reservoir, South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(8): 977–992 doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.05.005 |
Tao, W., Zhao, Z., He, S., et al., 2005. Petroleum Geological Conditions and Exploration Prospects in Deepwater Area of Northwestern South China Sea. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 26(4): 359–364 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB200504012.htm |
Taylor, B., Hayes, D., 1980. The Tectonic Evolution of the South China Sea Basin. In: Hayes, D., ed., The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands, Part 2. American Geophysical Monograph, 23: 89–104 |
Wang, J. Q., Yao, B. C., 2005. Characteristics of Tectonic Dynamics of the Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins and the Petroleum Resources in the South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 25(2): 91–100 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200502018.htm |
Wang, P., Prell, W. L., Blum, P., et al., 2000. Exploring the Asian Monsoon through Drilling in the South China Sea. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Initial Report, 184: 1–77 http://search.cnki.net/down/default.aspx?filename=DXQY2000S1239&dbcode=CJFD&year=2000&dflag=pdfdown |
Wei, X., Deng, J. F., Xie, W., et al., 2005. Constraints on Biogenetic Reef Formation during Evolution of the South China Sea and Exploration Potential Analysis. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 245–252 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200503033.htm |
Wu, S. G., Yuan, S. Q., 2005. Advance of Exploration and Petroleum Geological Features of Deep-Water Hydrocarbon in the World. Natural Gas Geoscience, 16(6): 693–699 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX200506001.htm |
Wu, S. G., Yuan, S. Q., Zhang, G. C., et al., 2008. Seismic Characteristics of a Reef Carbonate Reservoir and Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration in Deep Water of the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.04.008 |
Yan, P., Zhou, D., Liu, Z., 2001. A Crustal Structure Profile across the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 338(1): 1–21 doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00062-2 |
Yang, C. H., Du, X., Pan, H. S., et al., 2000. Advance in Worldwide Deep Water Hydrocarbon Exploration and Oil and Gas Exploration Potential in the Northern Continental Slope in South China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 7(3): 247–256 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Yao, B. C., 1996. Tectonic Evolution of the South China Sea in Cenozoic. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 16(2): 1–13 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/article_en/cjfdtotal-hydz602.000.htm |
Yao, B. C., 1998. Crust Structure of the Northern Margin of the South China Sea and Its Tectonic Significance. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 18(2): 1–16 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HYDZ802.000.htm |
Yao, B. C., Wan, L., Wu, N. Y., 2005. Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution and the 3D Structure of the Lithosphere of the South China Sea. Geological Bulletin of China, 24(1): 1–8 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200501000.htm |
Yao, G., Yuan, S., Qin, Y., et al., 2008. The Double Provenance Supply Depositional Model and Its Exploration Prospect in the Deepwater of Qiongdongnan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 35(6): 685–691 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(09)60101-4 |
Yue, D. L., Wu, S. H., Lin, C. Y., et al., 2005. Sedimentary and Diagenetic Evolution Pattern of Reef Limestone Reservoirs in Liuhua 11–1 Oilfield. Oil & Gas Geology, 26(4): 518–523 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT200504023.htm |
Zampetti, V., Sattler, U., Braaksma, H., 2005. Well Log and Seismic Character of Liuhua 11–1 Field, South China Sea: Relationship between Diagenesis and Seismic Reflections. Sedimentary Geology, 175(1–4): 217–236 http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000034111930310_36e2.html |
Zhang, G. C., Mi, L. J., Wu, S. G., Braaksma, H., 2007. Deepwater Area-The New Prospecting Targets of Northern Continental Margin of South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(2): 15–21 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SYXB200702002.htm |
Zhou, D., Ru, K., Chen, H. Z., 1995. Kinematics of Cenozoic Extension on the South China Sea Continental Margin and Its Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Region. Tectonophysics, 251(1–4): 161–177 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195195000186 |
Zhou, D., Sun, Z., Chen, H., et al., 2008. Mesozoic Paleogeography and Tectonic Evolution of South China Sea and Adjacent Area in the Context of Tethyan and Paleo-Pacific Interconnetions. Island Arc, 17(2): 186–207 doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2008.00611.x |
Zhou, X. M., Li, W. X., 2000. Origin of Late Mesozoic Igneous Rocks in Southeastern China: Implications for Lithosphere Subduction and Underplating of Mafic Magmas. Tectonophysics, 326(3–4): 269–287 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195100001207 |