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Heterogeneous characteristics of various lamina assemblage in shale of Shahejie Formation of the Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China
Xiaolin Wang, Xiaomin Zhu, Jin Lai, Xingyue Lin, Yushan Du, Yurui Zhu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0054-8
[Abstract](10) [PDF 2273KB](4)
Abstract:
The Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin has abundant shale oil resources. However, lacustrine shale is heterogeneous in mineralogy, sedimentary structure, organic matter, pore structure, paleoenvironment, and oil content. Therefore, the laminae assemblages are divided into laminated (lamina thickness of < 0.01 m), layered (0.01~0.1 m) and massive (no layer or layer spacing of > 0.1 m) types shale to investigate the core, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin section, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), N2 adsorption and geochemical experiments. The results show that the oil shale of Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua Sag is abundant in calcite. The TOC content ranges between 1.35% and 5.55%. Rock-Eval S1 and S2 values range from 0.30 to 2.56 mg/g and 0.97~15.47 mg/g, respectively. Variable kinds of nanopores, micropores, and microfractures are commonly observed. The connectivity of pores in laminated and layered shale samples is relatively better than massive shale. The massive shale was formed in a sedimentary environment with warm and humid climate, moderate salinity, weak reduction conditions, high productivity, and paleo-setting rate. Organic matter is derived from lower bacteria, algae, and terrigenous plants. Laminated and layered shale are formed in an arid and cold environment with high salinity, strong reducibility, low paleo-setting rate. Laminated shale is located on a gentle slope at the basin margin, which is the focus of shale oil exploration because of their higher hydrocarbon generation potential, reservoir quality, and advantaged horizontal fracturing conditions. The above results have implication for the sweet spots prediction in shales with similar geological setting.
A Study on the Genetic Dynamics and Development Characteristics of Granitic Rock Avalanches in the Northern Qinling Mountains, China
Yan Lyu, Ruixia Ma, Zuopeng Wang, Jianbing Peng, Tianzhuo Gu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0016-1
[Abstract](94) [PDF 2288KB](41)
Abstract:
Massive granitic rock avalanches are extensively developed in the middle section of the northern Qinling Mountains (NQM), China. The current consensus is that their formation could have been connected with seismic events that occurred in the NQM. However, there is a lack of systematic discussion on the genetic dynamics of these rock avalanches. Hence, taking Earth system scientific research as a starting point, this paper systematically summarizes and discusses development characteristics, formation times and genetic dynamic mechanisms of granitic rock avalanches in the NQM based on geological investigations, high-precision remote sensing interpretations, geomorphological dating, geophysical exploration, and a large-scale shaking table model test. We identified 53 granitic rock avalanches in this area, with a single collapse area ranging from 0.01×106 to 1.71×106 m2. Their development time can be divided into six stages, namely, 107297~106289 years BP, 11870-11950 years BP, 11666~10279 years BP, 2260-2320 years BP, 1788-1925 years BP, and 1392~1661 years BP, which were closely related to multiple prehistoric or ancient earthquakes. We suggest that long-term coupling of internal and external earth dynamics was responsible for the granitic rock avalanches in the NQM; the internal dynamics were mainly related to subduction, collision and extrusion of different plates under the Qinling terrane, leading to the formation and tectonic uplift of the Qinling orogenic belt; and the external dynamics were closely associated with climate changes resulting in mountain denudation, freeze‒thaw cycles and isostatic balance uplift. In this process, the formation and evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt play a geohazard-pregnant role, structural planes, including faults and joints, play a geohazard-controlled role, and earthquakes play a geohazard-induced role, which jointly results in the occurrence of large-scale granitic rock avalanches in the NQM. This research can not only decipher the genetic dynamic mechanism of large hard granitic rock avalanches but also reveal temporal and spatial patterns of the evolution of breeding and the generation of large-scale rock avalanches in the margins of orogenic belts.
Surveying organic matter, thermal maturity level, and paleo-environmental conditions by considering biomarker and stable carbon isotopic analysis
Meysam Hemmati, Yaser Ahmadi, Behzad Vaferi, Ali Hosin Alibak, David A. Wood
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1984-x
[Abstract](145) [PDF 1351KB](74)
Abstract:
Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the Garau formation of the Cretaceous age, an important source rock in western Iran, to reveal its potential as an oil-prone source rock. The C28/C29sterane ratio value range (0.72 to 0.83) of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms. Sterane, hopane, and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation's organic matter predominantly consists of algae, and bacteria, accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants. Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria, the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds. The percentages of saturates, aromatics, and nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen (NSO) fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils. Isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples. These actions have resulted in distinctive δ13C values for the formation's kerogen and bitumen fractions. The formation's organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities, with vitrinite reflectance (%RC) varying between 0.7 % and 0.75 %.
A potentially new early Ediacaran glaciation
Zhongwu Lan, Magdalena H. Huyskens, Rong Ren, Qing-Zhu Yin
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1979-7
[Abstract](163) [PDF 1423KB](53)
Abstract:

Multiple episodes of Neoproterozoic glaciation, namely the Beiyixi, Altungol, Tereeken and Hankalchough glaciations, are recorded in the Kuruktag area of northeastern Tarim Craton, NW China. The Tereeken glaciation was previously correlated with the global Marinoan glaciation based on sedimentary and chemostratigraphic features recorded in the cap dolostone immediately overlying the glaciogenic diamictite, as well as less precise radiometric age constraints. In this study, we obtained chemical-abrasion isotope dilution isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CA-ID-IRMS) U-Pb age of 624.03 ± 0.1 Ma from zircons extracted from a tuff lava interbeded within the diamictite of the Tereeken Formation, which suggests an early Ediacaran age for the Tereeken glaciation. Such newly discovered early Ediacaran glaciation in the Tarim region could have induced the negative δ13Ccarb excursions between 625-605 Ma by providing oxygen and other oxidants to invoke remineralization of a deep ocean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir.

Detrital zircon U-Pb age analysis of Late Pliocene deposits from the lower Yangtze River, South China: Implications for sedimentary provenance and evolution of the Yangtze River
Xu Lin, Chang’an Li, Jing Liu-Zeng, Jovliet Marc, Haijin Liu, Lingling Li, Chengwei Hu, Xiaokang Chen, Jixin Chen
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1961-9
[Abstract](340) [PDF 5297KB](97)
Abstract:
The Yangtze River, with a length of approximately 6,300 km, holds the distinction of being the largest river in East Asia that empties into the Pacific Ocean. Its formation is intricately linked to regional tectonic activity and climate fluctuations. However, the exact timeline for the formation of the Yangtze River remains elusive. This study investigates the provenance of the late Cenozoic strata in the Wangjiang Basin, situated in the lower Yangtze River, through the application of detrital zircon U-Pb dating. A total of seven sand samples were analyzed, leading to the identification of new U-Pb detrital zircon ages (n = 577). Our study reveals that the sand materials found in the Pliocene gravel beds of the Anqing Formation originate predominantly from the Yangtze River. The findings of our study, along with the provenance tracing of boreholes in the Yangtze River Basin and the shelf sea in East China, provide compelling evidence for the continuous presence of the Yangtze River throughout the Pliocene period. The development of the Yangtze River during the Pliocene is intricately connected to both the tectonic adjustments occurring at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the intensification of the Asian Monsoon.
Multi-scale structural geological model and quantification of stability evaluation for a high-steep fractured rock slope
Jia Wang, Wen Zhang, Donghui Chen, Han Yin, Junqi Chen
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1953-9
[Abstract](149) [PDF 20246KB](55)
Abstract:
This study aims to evaluate the stability of a high-steep fractured rock slope on the right bank of Dongcuo River, Southeast Tibetan Plateau by establishing a multi-scale structural geological model. Multi-scale discontinuity information was first identified via the unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry. The multi-scale structural geological model for the cross section of the slope was established by multi-scale discontinuity processing. In particular, large-scale discontinuities were directly embedded into the model, medium-scale discontinuities were realized via discrete fracture network simulation technology, and small-scale discontinuities were implicitly considered in the equivalent rock parameter calculation. A staged scheme for searching the shortest paths of the multi-scale structural geological model via Dijkstra's algorithm was established. The searched shortest path with the largest discontinuity persistence passes the most fractures and processes the lowest shear strength, which can represent the critical slip surface (CSS). Three potential CSSs were selected for the quantification of the factor of safety (FOS) using the transfer coefficient method. Modified Jennings' criteria were proposed to estimate the equivalent shear strength of the CSS composed by rock bridges and discontinuities. Finally, FOS is calculated as 3.81, implying that the studied rock slope remains stable
Investigation of oil content in lacustrine shale-oil systems: Insights from two different pyrolysis
YUPING WU, Chinglin Liu, Fujie Jiang, Tao Hu, Chenxi Zhang, Jiahao Lv, Renda Huang, Meiling Hu, Guanyun Wu, Rizwan Sarwar Awan
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1814-6
[Abstract](955) [PDF 1935KB](82)
Abstract:
This research has investigated the oil content of lacustrine shale-oil systems from the Junggar Basin. Twenty-eight samples are used for different pyrolysis experiments to study the characteristics of shale oil occurrence and the difference between various evaluation methods. Additionally, the factors affecting the physical states of shale oil are discussed. Compared with the standard Rock-Eval, the two-step pyrolysis and multi-step pyrolysis can eliminate the influence of the carryover effect. Therefore, these two types of pyrolysis are used to obtain the total, free, and adsorbed oil yield of the shale. The results demonstrate that the total oil yield acquired by multi-step pyrolysis is quite similar to that obtained by two-step pyrolysis. Both of them can prevent the retained oil yield from being underestimated by more than 50%. However, the free oil yield obtained by multi-step pyrolysis is significantly higher than that obtained by two-step pyrolysis. The multi-step pyrolysis can easily exaggerate the real free oil yield in resource evaluation. Therefore, this article suggests using the two-step pyrolysis to evaluate the characteristics of petroleum in shales. Furthermore, the amount of hydrocarbons within shales is related to organic matter properties. The higher the organic matter richness, the higher the total/adsorbed oil yield within the shale before reaching the adsorption saturation. The better the kerogen type, the higher the amount of liquid hydrocarbons within shales. As the thermal evolution of shales increases, the free oil proportion and the mobility of petroleum increase. This study compared different pyrolysis methods, which provided new insight for obtaining the oil content of shales, a key parameter of shale oil resource evaluation.
Application of unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing on dangerous rock mass identification and deformation analysis: case study of a high-steep slope in an open pit mine
Wenjie Du, Qian Sheng, Xiaodong Fu, Jian Chen, Jingyu Kang, Xin Pang, Daochun Wan, Wei Yuan
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1813-7
[Abstract](416) [PDF 4237KB](115)
Abstract:
Source identification and deformation analysis of disaster bodies are the main contents of high-steep slope risk assessment, the establishment of high-precision model and the quantification of the fine geometric features of the slope are the prerequisites for the above work. In this study, based on the UAV remote sensing technology in acquiring refined model and quantitative parameters, a semi-automatic dangerous rock identification method based on multi-source data is proposed; In terms of the periodicity UAV-based deformation monitoring, the monitoring accuracy is defined according to the relative accuracy of multi-temporal point cloud. Taking a high-steep slope as research object, the UAV equipped with special sensors was used to obtain multi-source and multi-temporal data, including high-precision DOM and multi-temporal 3D point clouds. The geometric features of the outcrop were extracted and superimposed with DOM images to carry out semi-automatic identification of dangerous rock mass, realizes the closed-loop of identification and accuracy verification; changing detection of multi-temporal 3D point clouds was conducted to capture deformation of slope with centimeter accuracy. The results show that the multi-source data-based semi-automatic dangerous rock identification method can complement each other to improve the efficiency and accuracy of identification, and the UAV-based multi-temporal monitoring can reveal the near real-time deformation state of slopes.
Organic matter occurrence and its effects on pore structure and methane adsorption capacity capacity: A case study of the Niutitang black shale in Guizhou, China
Peng Xia, Fang Hao, Jinqiang Tian, Yong Fu, Chuan Guo, Zhen Yang, Yuliang Mou, Ke Wang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1688-z
[Abstract](1238) [PDF 5313KB](96)
Abstract:
The black shale samples from the Niutitang Formation in the Yangtze Block were sequentially treated using organic solvent extraction and wet chemical oxidation. The organic matter (OM) in the shales includes physically mobile OM (PmOM), chemically mobile OM (CmOM), and stable OM (StOM). The CmOM has the strongest CH4 adsorption capacity because it has the largest volume of micropores and mesopores. In contrast, the PmOM has a very negative effect on the CH4 adsorption because it is poreless. The XD shale is a siliceous shale, in which the quartz particles wrap partly OM, preventing extraction and oxidation. The SL shale is an argillaceous shale, in which most of the OM is combined with clay minerals to form organo-clay composites. In both the SL and XD shales, the OM that is extractable via organic solvents is distributed among the mineral particles and is interconnected. The conceptual model of marine black shale in different environments needs to be perfected in the future because quantitative and qualitative methods should be combined to clarify the relationship between the known OM types (e.g., pyrobitumen, solid bitumen, and solid kerogen) and the OM types identified in this study.
Multivariate statistical analysis of dominating groundwater mineralization and hydrochemical evolution in Gao, northern Mali
TRAORE ADIARATOU, Xumei Mao, Alhousseyni Traore, YAHAYA YAKUBU, Aboubacar Sidibe
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1689-y
[Abstract](271) [PDF 1783KB](39)
Abstract:
Population growth and expanding urbanization have caused persistent shortages and contamination of groundwater resources in Mali, Africa. The increase in groundwater salinity makes it more difficult for residents to obtain drinking water, it is necessary to clarify the causes and control factors of groundwater mineralization in Gao region, northern Mali. Based on the analysis of the hydrochemical composition of groundwater in 24 boreholes, Piper and Schöeller diagrams, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are used to carry out multivariate statistical analysis on the main ions. The results show that the groundwater samples are weakly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 5.83 to 8.40, and the average values of boreholes are 7.50, respectively. The average electrical conductivity (EC) value is 354.4 (µS/cm), and the extreme value is between 124.0 and 1247 (µS/cm). Water is usually mineralized and presents nine types of water phase. The three principal components explain 84.42% of the total variance for 13 parameters. The factor F1 (58.85%), the factor F2 (16.88%) and the factor F3 (8.69%) present for the majority of the total data set. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the genetic relationship among aquifers and identified three main clusters. Clustering related to groundwater mineralization (F1), clustering related to oxide reduction and iron enrichment (F2), and clustering of groundwater pollution caused by nitrate and magnesium (F3). We found that agriculture, weathering activities and dissolution of geological materials promote the mineralization of groundwater. Groundwater quality in the Gao region is becoming less and less potable because of increasing salinity.
Spatial and temporal evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton: Constraints from mineral chemistry of peridotite xenoliths from the Miocene Qingyuan basalts and a regional synthesis
Jian-Fang Guo, Qiang Ma, Jianping Zheng, Yuping Su
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1691-4
[Abstract](202) [PDF 5165KB](64)
Abstract:
Mineralogical data are presented for the peridotite xenoliths from Miocene (~19Ma) Qingyuan basalts in the eastern North China Craton (NCC), with the aim of constraining on property of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the northern Tan-Lu Fault zone (TLFZ) during the Cenozoic. The Qingyuan peridotites are dominated by spinel lherzolites with moderate-Mg# olivines (89.4 to 91.2), suggesting that the regional SCLM is mainly transitional and fertile. Light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted, slightly depleted and enriched clinopyroxenes (Cpx) are identified in different peridotites. Chemical compositions of the LREE-enriched Cpx and the presence of phlogopite suggest that the Qingyuan SCLM has experienced silicate-related metasomatism. The synthesis of available mineral chemical data of the mantle xenoliths across the NCC confirms the SCLM beneath the NCC is highly heterogeneous in time and space. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic SCLM beneath the TLFZ and neighboring regions are more fertile and thinner than that beneath the region away from the fault zone. The fertile and refractory peridotite xenoliths experienced varying degrees of silicate and carbonatite metasomatism, respectively. The spatial-temporal lithospheric mantle heterogeneity in composition, age and thickness suggest that the trans-lithosphere fault zone played an important role in heterogeneous replacement of refractory cratonic lithospheric mantle.
Limitation of the Application of Heat Tracer in Investigating Groundwater and River Interactions under Dynamic Flow Conditions
Mengyan Ge, Rui Ma, Ziyong Sun
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1683-4
[Abstract](162) [PDF 3970KB](26)
Abstract:
The groundwater (GW) in the floodplain riparian area frequently interacts intensely with surface water (SW). Heat as a tracer is one of the hot research fields in investigating GW-SW interactions, and analytical approaches have been proposed for the calculation of exchange flow velocity. However, few studies have considered the effects of very dynamic flow conditions and monitoring instrumentation on the calculation with field measured data. Herein, taking the middle reaches of the Heihe River as the study area, different types of monitoring wells were constructed under the riverbed and near the river, and multiple methods (Darcy’s law, heat tracing, and isotopic mixing methods) were employed to trace the exchanges between the river and groundwater. The results indicate that different methods demonstrate diverse information with obvious unevenly distributed flux along the vertical direction. And the combination of multiple methods has an important role in studying the interaction between GW and SW. Fully screened wells produce intraborehole flow and disturb the heat transport, which is relevant to flow velocity, and further affects the temperature distribution, impacting the temperature-based flow velocity calculation. Dynamic flow conditions aggravate riverbed sediment disturbances, e.g., scour and deposition, and additionally affect the interaction and monitoring data.
Geochemical Modeling of Fluid–Rock Interactions in Shallow buried Carbonate Reservoirs based on the Water Bath Instrument
Jiayi Ma, Anjiang Shen, Shuyun Xie, Min She, Huayun Tang, Emmanuel M. CARRANZA, Tianfu Zhang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1690-5
[Abstract](185) [PDF 2439KB](27)
Abstract:
Fluid–rock interaction plays a critical function in physical and chemical processes associated with the formation and evolution of oil and gas reservoir space. In the diagenetic stage of shallow burial, the dissolution of carbonate rocks by acidic fluids is conducive to the development of secondary pore space in reservoirs. In contrast, the free drift experiment based on water bath instrument can simulate the dissolution process of carbonate rocks in shallow burial environment effectively. In order to study the shallow burial dissolution mechanism of carbonate rocks in different acid solutions, 14 samples of typical carbonate rocks of Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Permian and Triassic ages in the Tarim and Sichuan Basins, China were used. The dissolution experiments on carbonate rocks in sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, silicic acid and carbonic acid at shallow burial temperature (30℃≤T≤90℃) were carried out using a water bath instrument. The PHREEQC software was used to simulate the dissolution of carbonate minerals, in order to compare the results of constant temperature water bath experiment. The results show that acid solutions have significant dissolution effect on shallow burial carbonate rocks when T = 50–60℃, which corresponds to the burial depth of 1500–2000 m in the Tarim Basin and 1110–1480 m in the Sichuan Basin. However, there were obvious differences in the dissolution and reformation of carbonate rocks in different acids. In particular, sulfuric acid solution produced by thermochemical sulfate reduction can significantly promote the dissolution of carbonate rocks, especially dolomitic limestone. Moreover, the dissolution of limestone reservoirs is stronger than that of dolomite reservoirs in shallow burial. The results will provide new insights into the study of dissolution laws and influencing factors of carbonate reservoir space and the evaluation and prediction of carbonate reservoir in China.
Chronology, geochemistry and isotopic compositions of the Cretaceous Zhangjiakou diabase: Magmatic derivation and geodynamic implications
peng li, Dazhao Wang, guanzhong shi
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1684-3
[Abstract](168) [PDF 6259KB](29)
Abstract:
Zircon U–Pb ages, major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope data of the diabase in the Zhangjiakou district were studied to investigate its derivation and tectonic implications. Zircon U–Pb ages indicate that the diabase was emplaced at ~130 Ma or younger, and captured zircons cluster at ~147 Ma, ~240 Ma, ~430 Ma and ~465 Ma. The diabase is characterized by minor variations in SiO2 (49.35–52.10 wt.%), TiO2 (1.65–1.77 wt.%), Al2O3 (17.00–18.26 wt.%), MgO (4.28–4.93 wt.%), CaO (6.69–7.90 wt.%) and Mg# (48–54). It has no significant Eu anomaly and displays enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba and Sr) and depletion in high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, P and Ti). The diabase exhibits homogeneous Sr ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.70606–0.70701) and Nd (εNd(t) =–13.6 to –13.2) isotopic compositions. These features suggest that the parental magma was derived from partial melting of the ancient lower crust, relating to mantle upwelling that triggered by stagnant slabs or lithospheric detachment associated with the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. The Early Paleozoic inherited igneous zircons in the diabase suggest that the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) likely underwent southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.
Characteristics of connected pores and evaluation of shale oil mobility in the Qianjiang Formation, Qianjiang Sag, Jianghan Basin,China
SUN Zhongliang, LI Zhiming, HE Chencheng, ZHU Feng, SHEN Baojian, LU Longfei
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1699-9
[Abstract](411) [PDF 2527KB](38)
Abstract:
The connectivity of shale pores and the occurrence of movable oil in shales have long been a focus of research. In this paper, samples from Wells BX7 and BYY2 in the Eq34-10 cyclothem of Qianjiang Formation in the Qianjiang Depression, were analyzed. A double mercury injection method was used to distinguish between invalid and effective connected pores. The pore characteristics for occurrence of retained hydrocarbons and movable shale oil were distinguished based on comparison of pore changes in low temperature nitrogen adsorption and high pressure mercury injection experiments before and after extraction and the change in the mercury injection amounts in the pores between two separate mercury injections.. The results show that less than 50% of the total connected pores in the Eq34-10 cyclothem samples are effective. The development of effective connected pores affects the mobility of shale oil but varies with different lithofacies. The main factor limiting shale oil mobility in Well BX7 is the presence of pores with throat sizes less than 15nm. In Well BYY2, residual mercury in injection testing of lamellar dolomitic mudstone facies was mainly concentrated in pores with throats of 10~200 nm, and in bulk argillaceous dolomite facies it was mainly concentrated at 60~300nm. The throats of hydrocarbon-retaining pores can be 5nm or even smaller, but pores with movable shale oil in the well were found to have have throat sizes greater than 40nm. Excluding the influence of differences in wettability, the moveability of shale oil is mainly affected by differences in lithofacies, the degree of pore deformation caused by diagenesis, the complexity of pore structures, and the connectivity of pore throats. Dissolution and reprecipitation of halite also inhibit the mobility of shale oil.
Formation Mechanism of the Paleocene basal conglomerate, southwest Tarim Basin
yong Yue, Jingchun Tian, Chuanyan Huang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1696-z
[Abstract](172) [PDF 8039KB](24)
Abstract:
Abstract: Most knowledge about the Cretaceous-Paleogene strata in the Tarim Basin is mainly inferred from the outcrops at the basin’s margin,but first time in the basin. The formation mechanism of the Paleocene basal conglomerate was determined using geochemical isotopes of the breccia from well PBX1 in the southwestern Tarim Basin. The results showed that the global K/Pg (i.e., Cretaceous/Paleogene) clay layer boundary was located in the middle of the Paleocene basal conglomerate at the depth of 7066.75m in well PBX1. In the Late Cretaceous, associated with volcanic activities and earthquakes, the caldera in the PBX1 well block formed an annular depression with large elevation differences in response to the Pamir block collision. As a result, the collapsed breccia with storm tide genesis deposited at the periphery and inside of the depression, characterized by syn-sedimentary deformation. During the Paleocene, multiple sets of interbedded carbonate and collapsed breccia deposited in response to multi-phased transient transgression-regression cycles. The transportation of breccia exhibited near-source accumulation/extremely close or in-situ rapid accumulation. The studied region is located in the eastern end of the Tethys Sea, the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene breccia is of great significance for reconstructing the paleogeography of the Tarim basin in Tethys. Key words: South-western Tarim;Paleogene system;Breccia;Attribution and genesis
Contrasting behavior for Li-Mg isotopes during subduction: Insights from garnet in the Yardoi schists, Tibet
Xing Li, Yilin Xiao, Olivier Nadeau, Dongyong Li, Haiyang Liu, Zhang Zeming, Zhenhui Hou
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1697-y
[Abstract](246) [PDF 4022KB](68)
Abstract:
It has long been recognized that garnet has the capacity to preserve the trace element and isotopic signature of distinct metamorphic growth zones because of its high closure temperature. Combined with the large size of certain garnet porphyroblast, this allows investigating variations in metamorphic conditions such as pressure, temperature, deviatoric stress, and fluid composition, which occur during subduction-related metamorphism. Here, one garnet porphyroblast of 6 cm diameter was sampled from the Yardoi schists of Tibet, and the major-, trace-, and Li-Mg isotopic compositions of distinct growth zones were determined in situ. The δ7Li values range from +6.0 ‰ to +4.1 ‰ and follow ‘S-shape’ patterns on both sides of the garnet’s core, revealing a two-stage growth process corresponding to the fluid-assisted sequential recrystallization of chlorite and micas during prograde metamorphism. By contrast, once corrected for the overprinting by retrograde metamorphism, the δ26Mg values vary monotonously from -1.73 ‰ in the core to -1.32 ‰ in the outer rim, reflecting a single-step process interpreted to result from increasing temperature and the solid-state recrystallization of chlorite-biotite during prograde metamorphism. This different behavior of Li and Mg isotopes is interpreted to result from the fact that Li is more fluid-mobile than the major element Mg.
Provenance of the southeastern South China Block in the Late Triassic and initiation of Paleo-Pacific subduction: Evidence from detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology
Jintao Kong, zhongjie Xu, Rihui Cheng, Duo Wan
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1694-1
[Abstract](146) [PDF 7438KB](25)
Abstract:
During the late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic era, the sediment transport system and tectonic regime in the southeastern margin of the South China Block (SESCB) all changed, significantly affected by the Paleo-Pacific subduction. This study uses detrital zircon geochronology to discuss the Late Triassic source-to-sink system in the SESCB and provides some references for the Paleo-Pacific subduction process. The paleogeography and similarity of detrital zircon age distribution reveal three sinks in the SESCB during the Late Triassic: 1. the Yangchun–Kaiping–Gaoming area, comprising major age ranges of 260–220, 460–400, and 1,200–800 Ma, which might be sourced from the Yunkai Terrane; 2. the Jiexi–Kanshi–Nanjing area, characterized by the significant age component of 2,000–1,800 Ma, which corresponded to the Wuyi Terrane; 3. the Xinan area, consisting of significant age groups of 290–250 Ma and 380–320 Ma, which might be sourced from the magmatic rocks formed by the Huinan Movement and Paleo-Pacific subduction. The Upper Triassic strata contain many 290–250 Ma zircons, and their trace elements suggested a magmatic arc existed near the SESCB during the 290–250 Ma. Thus, we propose that the Paleo-Pacific subduction might have begun in the Early Permian.
Characteristics and formation analysis of earth fissure in Anren area in Wei River Basin, China
Jianwei Qiao, Zhenjiang Meng, Yuyun Xia, Cong Liu, Quanzhong Lu, Feiyong Wang, Yuanqiang Zhou, Haiyuan Zhao
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1653-x
[Abstract](321) [PDF 3547KB](25)
Abstract:
Since the 1950’s, 212 earth fissures have been discovered in the Wei River Basin. During a field survey in 2016, an additional 48 earth fissures were discovered in Anren area, northeast of the Wei River Basin. The characteristics and formation mechanisms of these fissures were studied through field investigations, measurements, trench excavation, and drilling. On-site investigations indicated that these earth fissures were distributed along a fault-controlled geomorphic boundary. Fissures trended at 60°–80° NE and were divided into five groups. Trenches revealed multiple secondary fissures, exposing severe soil ruptures in the shallow earth surfaces. Drilling profiles revealed that earth fissures dislocated several strata, and resembled synsedimentary faults. Seismic reflection profiles revealed buried faults beneath the earth fissures. The Anren area fissures formed in the following three stages: regional extension that initially generated multiple buried faults; seismic activity rupturing multiple strata, resulting in multiple buried fractures; and finally, erosion processes that propagated the buried fractures to the surface, forming the current earth fissures.
Geochronology and geochemistry of Permian Dashizhai Basin in Xing’an–Inner Mongolia Orogen: Implications for the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean
Chi Zhang, Guosheng Wang, Zhiguang Zhou, Shen Gao, Neng Zhang, Liudong Wang, Erqiang Bo
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1651-z
[Abstract](175) [PDF 21807KB](32)
Abstract:
The Xing’an–Inner Mongolia Orogen is a critical tectonic unit for constraining the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. However, the location and time for the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean are still debated. Here, we select a representative basin in Dashizhai in northeastern China, using U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry to analyze the sedimentary facies, depositional ages, and provenance. The results show that the age of the Dashizhai Formation range from 400 to 347 Ma, the Shoushangou Formation range from 400 to 348 Ma, the Zhesi Formation range from 307 to 252 Ma, and the Linxi Formation range from 299 to 241 Ma. The Dashizhai Formation is composed of metamorphic andesite and clastic rocks. The Shoushangou Formation comprises siltstone, rhyolite, and argillaceous siltstone. The Zhesi and Linxi Formations are composed of mudstone and argillaceous siltstone. Geochemical data shows that these rocks are enriched in light rare earth elements and depleted in Eu with various La/Sc, Th/Sc, and La/Co ratios. The Permian Dashizhai Basin is from Permian volcanic and felsic igneous rocks from the Ergun, Xing’an, and Songliao blocks. The absence of the Late Carboniferous strata in the Dashizhai Basin indicates an extension setting during this period. Furthermore, we suggest the Xing’an–Inner Mongolia Orogen was an uplifting process associated with evolution the Paleo-Asian Ocean during the Late Permian.
3D Distinct Element Back Analysis Based on Rock Structure Modelling of SfM Point Clouds: The Case of the 2019 Pinglu Rockfall of Kaili, China
Zhen Ye, Qiang Xu, Qian Liu, Xiujun Dong, Feng Pu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1667-4
[Abstract](175) [PDF 9435KB](30)
Abstract:
This paper introduces the use of point cloud processing for extracting 3D rock structure and the 3DEC -related reconstruction of slope failure, based on a case study of the 2019 Pinglu rockfall. The basic processing procedure involves: (1) computing the point normal for HSV-rendering of point cloud; (2) automatically clustering the discontinuity sets; (3) extracting the set-based point clouds; (4) estimating of set-based mean orientation, spacing, and persistence; (5) identifying the block-forming arrays of discontinuity sets for the assessment of stability. The effectiveness of our rock structure processing has been proved by 3D distinct element back analysis. The results show that SfM modelling and rock structure computing provides enormous cost, time and safety incentives in standard engineering practice.
Late Miocene elevated horizontal karst caves and landform evolution as a response to tectonic uplift along with regional integration of fluvial drainage in Southwestern China
Min Zhai, Xinggong Kong, Yuanhai Zhang, Philip Rowsell, Zhijun Zhao, Baojian Huang, Jing Zhang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1656-7
[Abstract](300) [PDF 14363KB](23)
Abstract:
In Southwestern China, the development of karst landforms and the planation surfaces is closely related to local tectonics, fluvial incision and base level change, as well as climate change. While researches on when these karst landforms and planation surfaces formed and how they evolved along drainage development are scarce. Fortunately, horizontal caves with numerous fluvial deposits in high karst mountains can be used as time markers in landform evolution. Here we select large horizontal caves to perform studies of geomorphology, sedimentology and geochronology. Field work shows that more than 25 km long horizontal cave passages are perched 1500 m higher than the local base level, but filled with several phases of fluvial sediments and breakdown slabs. The first phase of fluvial gravels and related cave drainage were dated back to 6.4 Ma using cosmogenic nuclide burial dating, and the stalagmite covering the cave collapse was dated by the U-Pb method , older than 1.56 Ma. These results show that the continuous horizontal cave drainage system and the planation surface were developed prior to the Late Miocene. The lowering process of the base level as a result of the sharp fluvial incision and water level lowering, along with the regional uplift, led to the abandonment of the horizontal cave and the elevated planation surface at the Late Miocene . After that, the phase of cave collapse , thick fluvial sand and clay sediments in the caves from the recharge of the cave deposited at around 1.6 Ma and during the Middle Pleistocene, respectively. Subsequently, speleothems widely deposited on the collapse and clay sediment during the period from 600 to 90 ka ,whereas the deposition of cave fluvial sediments terminated suddenly. The tectonic could control the denudation of surface caprock and the development of karst conduits prior to the Late Miocene, whereas the river incision acted as the main driver for the base level lowering and the destruction of the horizontal cave drainage at high altitude. In addition, the rapid incision and the retreat of Silurian gorges finally caused the formation of karst mesa in the Middle Pleistocene.
Source-to-sink relationships between the Qaidam Basin (North Tibet) and its surrounding mountain ranges: New insights from detrital zircon U–Pb ages in modern river sediments
Xu Zhang, Bowen Song, Tinglu Yang, Yafei Hou, Yibo Yang, Keke Ai, Jiaxuan Wang, Zhang Kexin
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1666-5
[Abstract](301) [PDF 7269KB](49)
Abstract:
The Cenozoic source-to-sink history of the Qaidam Basin is crucial for understanding of the basin-filling architecture, mountain-building processes and even the dynamics of the Tibetan plateau growth. However, the provenance history of Cenozoic strata in the Qaidam Basin remains ambiguous, especially in the northern Qaidam Basin. This controversy highlights the importance of obtaining the spatial source-to-sink relationships between the Qaidam Basin and its surrounding mountain ranges. In this study, we investigated the detrital zircon U–Pb ages of modern fluvial systems draining the Eastern Kunlun Shan. Their detrital zircon age distributions fall into five age groups: 300-190, 530-360, 1000-560, 2000-1100 and 2650-2000 Ma. The dominant age groups are 530-360 and 300-190 Ma, which represent the successive subduction of the Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys Oceans and the subsequent continental collisions, respectively. Combining these new detrital zircon U–Pb ages with available age datasets, we finally obtained complete detrital zircon age information for modern fluvial systems in the whole Qaidam Basin. The U–Pb age distributions of modern river sands reveal that the zircon age signature of basement rocks in the Eastern Kunlun Shan is significantly different from that in the South Qilian Shan but is similar to that in the Altyn Tagh Shan. Moreover, these zircon age observations were confirmed by the significant difference in the Nd isotopic signature of modern river sands, which reveals a significant difference between the Eastern Kunlun Shan and South Qilian Shan in the formation and evolution process.
Karst trough control of solute transport processes at two karst groundwater flow systems, Western Hubei, Central China
Yi'an Wang, Ruichao Zhao, Lin Ding, Shuai Xiong, Yin Li, Jianwei Bu, Wei Chen, Hong Zhou, Wei Liu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1665-6
[Abstract](366) [PDF 3313KB](68)
Abstract:
To investigate groundwater flow and solute transport characteristics of the karst trough zone in China, tracer experiments were conducted at two adjacent typical karst groundwater flow systems (Yuquandong (YQD) and Migongquan (MGQ)) in Sixi valley, western Hubei, China. High-resolution continuous monitoring was utilized to obtain breakthrough curves (BTCs), which were then analyzed using the multi-dispersion model (MDM) and the two-region nonequilibrium model (2RNE) with basic parameters calculated by CXTFIT and QTRACER2. Results showed that: (1) YQD flow system had a complex infiltration matrix with overland flow, conduit flow and fracture flow, while the MGQ flow system was dominated by conduit flow with fast flow transport velocity, but also small amount of fracture flow there; (2) they were well fitted based on the MDM (R2=0.928) and 2RNE (R2=0.947) models, indicating that they had strong adaptability in the karst trough zone; (3) conceptual models for YQD and MGQ groundwater systems were generalized. In YQD system, the solute was transported via overland flow during intense rainfall, while some infiltrated down into fissures and conduits. In MGQ system, most were directly transported to spring outlet in the fissure-conduit network.
Effect of the tectonic inversion on the Source-to-sink system evolution in a lacustrine rift basin, a case study of South Yellow Sea Basin, East China.
Xue Fan, Chao Fu, Shengli Li, Shunli Li
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1664-7
[Abstract](166) [PDF 10495KB](37)
Abstract:
The complex plate collision process led the South Yellow Sea Basin (SYSB) to go through an intensity tectonic inversion during the early Cenozoic, which led to a regional unconformity surface development. As a petroliferous basin, SYSB saw intensity denudation and deposition process, making it hard to characterize their source-to-sink system(S2S), and this study provided a new sight to reveal them quantitatively. According to the seismic interpretation, it was found that two types of tectonic inversion led to the strata shortening process, which was classified according to their difference in planar movements, dip-slip faults, and strike-slip ones. As for dip-slip faults, the inversion structure was primarily formed by the dip-slip movement and many fault-related folds developed, which mainly developed in the North Depression Zone of the SYSB. The strike-slip ones, accompanying developed with some negative flower structures, are dominated in the South Depression Zone of the SYSB. Then, to reveal its source-to-sink system in the tectonic inversion basin, we speculated the sediments’ provenance area and their migration distance, referring to the zircon U-Pb data and heavy mineral assemblage. As for the North Depression Zone, it is shown that fewer distal sediments from the West Sulu Orogenic Belt are infilled, and proximal slump or fan delta are prominently developed during the tectonic inversion stage. The provenance rebuild in the South Depression Zone shows increasing sediments from the proximal area (Central Uplift Zone in SYSB and Wunansha Uplift) and the prograding delta long-axis parallel to these boundary faults during the tectonic inversion stage. Calculations were conducted on the coarse sediments content, faults displacements, catchment relief, sediments migration distance, and discussions about the impact factors to the Source-to-sink system developed in various strata shortening patterns with a statistical method. It was found that, within the dip-slip faults-dominated zone, the volume of the sediment routing system and the ratio of coarse-grained sediments merely has a relationship with the amount of sediment supply and average faults broken displacement. Compared with the strike-slip faults-dominated zone, the source-to-sink system shows a lower level of sandy sediment influx, and its coarse-grained content is mainly determined by the average faults broken displacement.
System reliability analysis of reservoir landslides: Insights from long-term reservoir operation
Kang Liao, Yiping Wu, Fasheng Miao
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1668-3
[Abstract](219) [PDF 4819KB](37)
Abstract:
The reservoir operation awakens numerous landslides with multiple sliding surfaces known as reservoir landslides, and the systematic stability analysis for such landslides is becoming increasingly urgent. Taking the Majiagou landslide as an example, this paper analyses the comprehensive performance of the landslide from a probabilistic point of view. Under a reservoir operation cycle, a series of numerical analyses are carried out to simulate the migration of the seepage field, then the dynamic stability of the landslide is quantified accordingly. Subsequently, the wetting-drying cycles test is used to model the weakening of strength parameters in hydro-fluctuation belt under the long-term reservoir operation. Considering the weakening effect of long-term reservoir operation on the hydro-fluctuation belt, the system reliability is evaluated using the Ditlevsen's bounds. The results suggest that the reservoir operation can affect the stability of the landslide by changing the seepage field. The system failure probability gradually rises as the number of wetting-drying cycles increases. Compared with conventional probabilistic analysis that calculates the failure probability of each sliding surface mechanically, analyzing the landslide in terms of system reliability can effectively narrow the failure probability range, which provides an insightful idea for evaluating the systematic stability of analogous reservoir landslides.
Mechanism of interaction between anchored slide-resistant piles and landslides with weak-hard interbedded bedrock:model tests and theoretical interpretation
Guihua Wang, Changdong Li, Xin He, Taijiang Chen, Jie Meng, Wenmin Yao, Yongquan Zhang, HUAWEI ZHANG
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1663-8
[Abstract](336) [PDF 3551KB](21)
Abstract:
Interactions between anchored slide-resistant piles and landslides with weak-hard interbedded bedrock have not yet been systematically studied. Physical models of landslides reinforced by anchored slide-resistant piles are investigated based upon the self-developed testing system. The landslide system evolution with increasing loading force is revealed; the internal force and deformation of anchored slide-resistant piles in weak-hard interbedded bedrock are analyzed. A single anchored pile in weak-hard interbedded bedrock is analyzed theoretically, and an optimized calculation method for the axial force of the anchor cable is proposed. The results show that (1) The landslide system evolves through four stages: creeping, coordinated deformation, uncoordinated deformation, and failure. (2) The thrust sharing ratio of the pile-anchor first increases, then decreases slightly, and finally stabilizes; the maximum thrust sharing ratio is 12.22. (3) The anchoring force provided by weak-hard interbedded bedrock is between those of homogeneous hard and homogeneous weak rocks. The horizontal displacement of the pile in homogeneous hard rock is small, but more thrust is borne by the pile, and vice versa. (4) The theoretical value for a single anchored pile calculated by the optimized method is close to the measured value. These findings provide a scientific basis for landslide control projects in areas with weak-hard interbedded bedrock.
Applications of deep learning in mineral discrimination: a case study of quartz, biotite and K-feldspar from granite
Wei Lou, Dexian zhang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1672-7
[Abstract](148) [PDF 5838KB](39)
Abstract:
Mineral recognition and discrimination play a significant role in geological study. Intelligent mineral discrimination based on deep learning has the advantages of automation, low cost, less time consuming and low error rate. In this manuscript, characteristics of quartz, biotite and K-feldspar from granite thin sections under cross-polarized light were studied for mineral images intelligent classification by Inception-v3 deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN), and transfer learning method. Dynamic images from multi-angles were employed to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility in the process of mineral discrimination. Test results show that the average discrimination accuracies of quartz, biotite and K-feldspar are 100.00%, 96.88% and 90.63%. Results of this study prove the feasibility and reliability of the application of convolution neural network in mineral images classification. This study could have a significant impact in explorations of complicated mineral intelligent discrimination using deep learning methods and it will provide a new perspective for the development of more professional and practical mineral intelligent discrimination tools.
Origin of burrow-associated dolomites and its reservoir implications: A case study from the Lower-Middle Ordovician carbonates of Tarim Basin (NW China)
Chuan Guo, Daizhao Chen, Yong Fu, Xiqiang Zhou, Cunge Liu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1673-6
[Abstract](92) [PDF 11140KB](42)
Abstract:
The Yingshan Formation of the Lower-Middle Ordovician in the Tarim Basin (NW China) was mainly deposited in a shallow platform, which was intensely bioturbated with burrows filled with both dolomites and calcites. This study aims to figure out the controls on the dolomitization of burrow infills and the effects on petroleum reservoir quality based on petrographic examination, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and isotopic (C-O-Sr) geochemical analyses. The differentiation of burrow-associated carbonates (dolomites and calcites) was likely controlled by the interactions of sea-level oscillations of variable orders and depositional environments. The burrow-associated dolomites (BADs) were precipitated in a relatively restricted (i.e., lagoon) depositional environment during the lowstand of long-term sea level. In contrast, the burrow-associated calcites (BACs) were formed in a water circulation-improved lagoonal environment during the transgression of long-term sea level. Isotopic geochemical data indicate that the BADs in the Yingshan Formation were formed from slightly saline (i.e., mesosaline to penesaline) seawater, whereas the BACs were precipitated from nearly normal seawater. In addition to the anoxic condition, the presence of marine-sourced organic matter and sulfate-reducing bacteria, and a sufficient supply of dolomitizing fluids enriched in magnesium ions (Mg2+) and their Mg2+ concentration may have played a critical role in the formation of BADs. In the more permeable and disturbed burrow sediments as a result of burrowing, penetrating fluids with higher salinities and higher Mg2+ concentration relative to seawater favored dolomite precipitation. The fluids with seawater-like Mg2+ concentration, however, would lead to calcite precipitation. The progressive dolomitization of these burrowed sediments could have propagated the dolomitizing fronts and extended into ambient limestones, leading to the development of extensive dolomites. This dolomitization process can improve the petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability) and the potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs during the emplacement of hydrocarbons from underlying source rocks of the Cambrian to Lower Ordovician.
U-Pb ages and europium anomalies of detrital zircons from sediments in the West Kunlun Orogenic Belt: implications for the Proto-Tethys Ocean evolution
Yinggang Zhang, Xizhu Yao, Jin Wang, Wenqing Pan, Yongquan Chen, Baoshou Zhang, Tao Yang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1671-8
[Abstract](339) [PDF 5722KB](52)
Abstract:
The ocean crust remnants of the Proto-Tethys were preserved as the Kudi ophiolites in the West Kunlun Orogenic Belt (WKOB), and its evolutionary history was mainly constructed by research on igneous or metamorphic rocks in the WKOB. Sedimentary rocks in the WKOB received little attention in the past; however, they could provide important constraints on the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Here, a series of shales and greywackes found in the Kudi area of WKOB were studied to constrain their depositional ages and explore their significance in the evolution of the Proto-Tethys oceanic crust. U-Pb dating and europium anomaly (Eu/Eu*) were analyzed for detrital zircons from greywackes interlayers, while bulk rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) of the shales were measured. Detrital zircons U-Pb ages yielded a maximum depositional age of 436 Ma for the greywackes and black shales, while the REY distribution patterns of the black shales are similar to those of the Tarim Ordovician Saergan shales. Accordingly, the studied WKOB black shales were deposited in the Proto-Tethys Ocean during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian period. The maximum depositional age at 436 Ma may represent a minimum closure time of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, which is also supported by the absence of increases in Eu/Eu* values during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian. Besides, our Eu/Eu* values in detrital zircons indicate diminished orogenesis during the Archean to Mesoproterozoic, subduction-related accretion at the margins of the supercontinent Rodinia during the Neoproterozoic.
Fe-Ti oxide mineralization in the XV intrusion, Bafq mining district, Central Iran: insights from mineralogy, mineral chemistry and S isotopic data
Sakine Amraei, Majid Ghasemi Siani, Mohammad Yazdi, Liang Qiu, Bertrand Moine, Minghua Ren
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1675-4
[Abstract](186) [PDF 5984KB](21)
Abstract:
The mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the XV anomaly area, which contains magmatic Fe-Ti oxide-(P) ore, is located in the Bafq mining district in the Central Iran. It consists of cumulate and layered Fe-Ti-bearing gabbros and pyroxenites. The mineral assemblages include clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, plagioclase, amphibole, apatite and sulfides (pyrite and chalcopyrite). The Fe-Ti oxides mainly consist of magnetite-titanomagnetite and ilmenite, which occur as disseminated, intergrowth, lamellae (trellis and sandwich textures) and inclusions. Magnetite in the gabbroic rocks is from the near end-member of Fe3O4 (<1 wt. % TiO2) to titanomagnetite containing up to 8 wt. % TiO2 (about 3.73 to 26.84 % Ulvospinel (XUsp)). Magnetite in pyroxenite rocks is characterized with TiO2 range from 0.46 to 3.14 wt. % (XUsp varied from 1.76 to 10.46 %). The abundances of V2O3 range from 0.03 to 1.29 and 0.24 to 1.00 wt. % for gabbro and pyroxenite, respectively. XUsp contents of magnetite show insignificant correlations with Al2O3 and MgO. The average XIlm in the ilmenite of gabbro is 92 %, whereas it is 90.37 % in the pyroxenite rocks. The MgO and V2O3 contents show a slightly positive correlation with TiO2 in ilmenite. The composition of clinopyroxenes in gabbro and pyroxenite rocks fall in the diopside to augite field with Mg# ranging from 67 to 98 and 74 to 96, respectively. In both rock types, amphiboles are mainly pargasite and rarely actinolite. Plagioclase in pyroxenite rocks are clustered in the labradorite to andesine fields with a compositional ranges of An46-69 and in gabboic rocks fall in two fields with compositional ranges of albite with An0.65-5.95 and labradorite with An50-63. The δ 34S isotopic values cover a limited range from +3.15 ‰ to +4.10 ‰ V-CDT consistent with magmatic origin. Fe-Ti mineralization are formed in two stages, minor inclusions of Fe–Ti oxide minerals in the pyroxene and plagioclase crystallized in the early magmatic stage, whereas interstitial oxides formed by fractional crystallization processes that accumulated by gravitational settling in the later stage as intercumulus phase. Gravitational settling process is supported by the observation of decreasing the amount of Fe-Ti oxides from Fe-Ti oxide- rich pyroxenite to weak mineralized gabbro (base to top). The high contents of H2O, phosphorate and high initial Ti-Fe in parental magma are the crucial factors controlling the Fe-Ti oxides enrichment and mineralization.
monitoring multi-temporal changes of lakes on the tibetan plateau using multi-source remote sensing data from 1992 to 2019: a case study of lake zhari namco
juan wu, chang-qing ke, yu cai, zheng duan
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1639-8
[Abstract](222) [PDF 7604KB](15)
Abstract:
lake level, area and volume are sensitive indicators of climate change. at present, many studies have focused on the interannual water balance of lakes, but lake level and area can change remarkably with seasons, especially for lakes with seasonal ice cover. zhari namco, a seasonal frozen lake, was selected as an example to investigate its seasonal water balance. multi-source altimetry and landsat data were used to obtain the seasonal lake level and area from 1992 to 2019, and seasonal lake volume variations were also estimated. the results indicated the average lake level, area and volume in autumn were the largest. the lake level, area, and volume experienced three turning points approximately in 2000, 2010, and 2016, and showed an overall increasing trend from 1992 to 2019, with slopes of 0.15 m/year, 2.17 km2/year, and 0.14 km3/year, respectively. the lake area expanded significantly in autumn, which was related to the abundant precipitation. delay time of land surface runoff, increased temperature, and evaporation may be the reason for the low lake level and volume in summer. the precipitation was the dominant factor of water balance, which explained 62.09%, 62.43%, and 62.10% of the variations in lake level, area, and volume, respectively.
stochastic modeling of folded structures in scarce data scenarios using transiogram with locally varying anisotropy
yabo zhao, weihua hua, guoxiong chen, liang dong, zhipeng liu, xiuguo liu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1646-9
[Abstract](172) [PDF 3963KB](8)
Abstract:
sampling is usually scarce in geological modeling, and hence, complex and continuous geological phenomena are difficult to simulate when anisotropy changes locally. the current study aimed to present a method for modeling folded structures using transiogram with locally varying anisotropy in scarce data scenarios. based on the direction fields of locally varying anisotropy, a pathline-based algorithm was proposed to simulate the folds that are flattened and calculate the relative position of any two random points thereafter. compared to the traditional two-point spatial continuity measures (such as the variogram), the locally varying anisotropy transiogram could not only describe the high order markovian of the spatial distribution of geological bodies, but also do so with explicable physical implication. the report revealed that the locally varying anisotropy transiogram of horizontal strata can be directly obtained if the stratigraphic sequence and stratum thickness are known. in the case study, only one geological map was used in a real complex-fold area to successfully simulate the 3-d stratigraphic model.
gastropod fauna of the zuodeng permian-triassic boundary section in the nanpanjiang basin and its geometric-based morphological disparity analysis
xin sun, li tian, xincheng qiu, kaiping guan, erik tihelka, haijun song, jinnan tong, hao yang
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1645-x
[Abstract](141) [PDF 4539KB](14)
Abstract:
gastropods, as one of the most common invertebrates in shallow marine environments, were heavily impacted by the permian-triassic mass extinction (ptme), with severe loss of diversity and remarkable dwarfism of body size. here, we report a new gastropod fauna from the permian‒triassic carbonates of zuodeng, guangxi province, south china. five species belonging to five genera and two indeterminate taxa are identified. the zuodeng fauna is dominated by paleozoic holdover taxa, including holopea teres, protostylus sp., and wannerispira shangganensis although most of them are found in the basal triassic microbialites. three gastropod communities have been recognized by cluster analysis. further morphological analyses show that the changing pattern of disparity, with diversity decreasing from community ⅱ to ⅲ, fits the interior-reduction model. in addition, the morphospace of community in microbialites is higher than those in non-microbialite bearing beds at zuodeng, shedding new light on the ecological role of microbialites during the permian-triassic environmental stress.
susceptibility mapping of ground collapse caused by anthropogenic activities
zhongmin mao, yuyong jiao, fei tan, xin qi, cong zeng
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1644-y
[Abstract](117) [PDF 4967KB](3)
Abstract:
frequent ground collapses resulted by anthropogenic activities occur due to rapid urbanization. accurate susceptibility mapping is critical for disaster prevention and control. in this study, 1198 ground collapse cases were collected from 2017 to 2020 in shenzhen. after multicollinearity testing, eight effective factors (elevation, relief, clay proportion, average annual precipitation, distance from water, land use type, building density, and road density) were selected to construct an evaluation index system. ground collapse susceptibility was analyzed and mapped using the normalized frequency ratio (nfr), logistic regression (lr), and nfr-lr coupling models. finally, the rationality and performance of the three models were compared using the frequency ratio (fr) and receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve, respectively. all three models could effectively evaluate the ground collapse susceptibility (area under the roc curve (auc) > 0.7), though the result of nfr-lr model was more rational and had the highest performance (auc = 0.791) among the three models. shenzhen possessed ground collapses mainly in built-up areas, the greater the intensity of anthropogenic activity in a location, the higher the likelihood of a disaster. the high and very high susceptibility zones covered a total area of 546.76 km2 and involved the nanshan, luohu, and futian districts, as well as some areas of the baoan, guangming, and longgang districts.
Protoconodonts and Paraconodonts from the Machari Formation (upper Series 3 and Furongian) in the Eodungol Section, Yeongwol, Korea
Byung-su LEE
[Abstract](339) [PDF 2509KB](35)
Abstract:
The Machari Formation ranges from the “upper Series 3” (Middle Cambrian) to Furongian (Upper Cambrian) in the Yeongwol area, Korea. It has been known to yield relatively diverse invertebrate fossils. Particularly trilobite biozones of the formation have been well defined. On the other hand, little has hitherto been studied on conodont microfossils for the formation. This paper reports a diverse and well preserved protoconodonts and paraconodonts of Series 3 from the formation in the Eodungol section, exposed along a southern mountain trail of Mt. Sambangsan, Yeongwol, Korea. Five of the thirteen samples collected for conodont contain a rich protoconodont and paraconodont assemblage and numerous shelly fossils including trilobites, brachiopods, sponge spicules, hyolithids and incertae sedis. Sample Eo5 is extremely fossiliferous (465 elements, 96.5 % of total collection), and the most abundant species was Phakelodus elongatus (236 elements, 62 % of the Eo5 collection). The preservation is relatively good, but some specimens are corroded and fragmentary. Some of protoconodonts are exfoliated. Relatively larger ones were commonly preserved as phosphatized internal molds, particularly in specimens of Furnishina bigeminata, Furnishina leei n. sp., Muellerodus pomeranensis, Nogamiconus sinensis and westergaardodids. Phakelodids were commonly preserved as clusters. Among twenty species referable to nine genera, Furnishina bigeminata, Furnishina leei n. sp., Nogamiconus sinensis, Huayuanodontus tricornis, Proscandodus obliquus, and Westergaardodina grandidens were previously undescribed species in Korea. This assemblage is named herein as the Westergaardodina matsushitai Zone, which is new biozonal name replacing the old one i.e., Gapparodus bisulcatus-Westergaardodina matsushitai-Westergaardodina moessebergensis Assemblage. The W. matsushitai Zone corresponds to the Lejopyge armata trilobite Zone, and is well correlated with the upper Series 3 conodont biozones of the Westergaardodina matsushitai-Westergaardodina grandidens Zone of South China, and the Westergaardodina matsushitai Zone of North China, respectively. The present data allow a useful correlation to China and Baltica in relation to new subdivision of the Cambrian. Furnishina leei n. sp. is newly described.
Uranium Isotope Variations (234U/238U and 238U/235U) and Behavior of U-Pb Isotope System in the Vershinnoe SandstoneType Uranium Deposit, Vitim Uranium Ore District, Russia
V. N. Golubev, I. V. Chernyshev, B. T. Kochkin, N. N. Tarasov, G. V. Ochirova, A. V. Chugaev
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1436-9
[Abstract](32) [PDF 5507KB](21)
Abstract:
The U-Pb isotope system and uranium isotope composition (235U/238U and 234U/238U) were studied in a number of samples from the vertical section of the uranium ore body at the Vershinnoe sandstone-type deposit, Vitim uranium ore district, Russia. These parameters were determined to broadly vary. Deviations of the 234U/238U ratio from the equilibrium value indicate that the uranium ore was not completely conserved during the postore stage, and uranium was determined to continue mi‐grating at the deposit. Comparison of the U-Pb isotope age value and 234U/238U isotope ratio provides an insight into the migrate direction of uranium in the ore body. The broad variations (137.377–137.772) in the 238U/235U ratio over the vertical section of the ore body can be explained by the different settings of the samples relative to the ore deposition front and changes in the redox conditions when this front shifted. The fact that the δ238U and K234/238 values are correlated indicates that the transfer of the 234U iso‐tope into the aqueous phase may have been coupled with isotope fractionation in the 238U-235U system during the postformation uranium migration within the orebody.
Association of Sandstone-Type Uranium Mineralization in the Northern China with Tectonic Movements and Hydrocarbons
Yin Chen, Peisen Miao, Jianguo Li, Ruoshi Jin, Hualei Zhao, Lulu Chen, CongWang, Haoyu Yu, Xiaoru Zhang
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1493-0
[Abstract](77) [PDF 50719KB](29)
Abstract:
In the continental basins of Northern China (NC), a series of energy resources commonly co-exist in the same basin. As the three typical superimposed basins of different genesis in the NC, the Junggar, Ordos, and Songliao basins were chosen as the research objects. The favorable uraniumbearing structures are generally shown as a basin-margin slope or transition belt of uplifts with the de‐velopment of faults, which are conducive to a fluid circulation system. The Hercynian, Indosinian, and Yanshanian movements resulted in the development of uranium-rich intrusions which acted as the sig‐nificant uranium sources. The main hydrocarbon source rocks are developed in the Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous. The mature stage of source rocks is concentrated in the Jurassic–Cretaceous, followed by the multi-stage expulsion events. Influenced by the India-Eurasian collision and the subduction of the Pacific Plate, the tectonic transformation in the Late Yanshanian and Himala‐yan periods significantly influenced the sandstone-type uranium mineralization. The hydrocarbon reser‐voirs are spatially consistent with sandstone-type uranium deposits, while the hydrocarbon expulsionevents occur in sequence with sandstone-type uranium mineralization. In the periphery of the faults or the uplifts, both fluids met and formed uranium concentration. The regional tectonic movements moti‐vate the migration of hydrocarbon fluids and uranium mineralization, especially the Himalayan move‐ment.
An investigation of dislocation in olivine phenocrysts from the Hawaiian basalts
Zhuo-Yue Li, Da-Peng Wen, Yong-Feng Wang, Xiang-Wen Liu
 doi: 10.1007/s12583-020-1030-6
[Abstract](2078) [PDF 7048KB](159)
Abstract:
Intracrystalline distortions (like undulose extinction, dislocations, and subgrain boundaries) in olivine from naturally-deformed peridotites is generally taken as a sign of dislocation creep. However, similar features in olivine phenocrysts that were found in basaltic magmas are still not well understood. In particular, whether subgrain boundaries in olivine phenocrysts arise from plastic deformation or grain growth is still debated (In the latter case, they are essentially grain boundaries but not subgrain boundaries. Therefore, we used hereinafter subgrain-boundary-like structures instead of subgrain boundaries to name this kind of intracrystalline distortion). Here we carried out a detailed study on dislocations and subgrain-boundary-like (SG-like) structures in olivine phenocrysts from two Hawaiian basaltic lavas by means of petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Abundant and complex dislocation substructures (free dislocations, dislocation walls, and dislocation tangles) were observed in the decorated olivine grains, similar to those in olivine from peridotite xenoliths entrained by the Hawaiian basalts. The measured average dislocation density is 2.9 ± 1.3 × 1011 m-2, and is three to five orders of magnitude higher than that in laboratory-synthesized, undeformed olivine. TEM observations on samples cut across the SG-like structures by FIB (focused ion beam) demonstrated that this kind of structures is made of an array of dislocations. These observations clearly indicate that these structures are real subgrain boundaries rather than grain boundaries. These facts suggested that the observed high dislocation densities and subgrain boundaries were not resulted from crystal crystallization/growth, but were formed by plastic deformation. These deformation features do not prove that the olivine phenocrysts (and implicitly mantle xenoliths) were deformed after their capture by the basaltic magmas, but can be ascribed to a former deformation event in a dunitic cumulate, which was formed by magmatic fractionation, then plastically deformed, and finally disaggregated and captured by the basaltic magma that brought them to the surface.
Central Asia––A Global Model for the Formation of Epigenetic Deposits in a Platform Sedimentary Cover
Igor Pechenkin, Vladislav Petrov
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1581-1
[Abstract](11) [PDF 8469KB](7)
Abstract:
Metallogenic specialization of sedimentary cover in Central Asia is determined by its tec‐tonic setting that governs the hydrodynamic regime (exfiltrational or infiltrational) and as a consequence, the hydrogeochemical zonality (type of water and its gaseous and microcomponent composition). Hydro‐dynamic conditions (distribution of recharge and discharge areas) determine the direction of stratal water flow and location of mineralization resulted from the change in geochemical, thermodynamic, litholog‐ical, structural and other conditions. The exfiltrational regime suggests a dependence of the epigenetic mineralization upon the distribution and degree of preservation of hydrocarbon occurrences. Often, hy‐drocarbon matter serves as a reducing barrier and ore-concentrating factor during the formation of polymineral concentrations related to stratal oxidation zone. The supergene epigenetic ore-forming pro‐cesses are induced by the interaction between the Earth’s sedimentary cover and hydrosphere. Sedimen‐tary rocks themselves commonly serve as a source of ore materials. The ore deposition zones on geochemi‐cal barriers and ore material source are often located significantly apart from each other. The trend of these processes is determined by the position of ore-bearing depressions in large tectonic blocks.
Theoretical System of Sandstone-Type Uranium Deposits in Northern China
Ruoshi Jin, Huajian Liu, Xiaoguang Li
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1449-4
[Abstract](56) [PDF 19090KB](22)
Abstract:
Many theoretical results on sandstone-type uranium mineralization in northern China obtained by the uranium research team of the Tianjin Center of Geological Survey in recent years are presented. From the source sink system of uranium-producing basins, sedimentary environment of uranium-bearing rock series, ore-forming fluid information, evolution of tectonic events, basin forma‐tion and development, we redefine and classify uranium orebodies, redox zoning, and ore-controlling structural styles. We then systematically propose a theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium depos‐its in northern China. We conclude that sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China are main‐ly found in sedimentary environments such as rivers, deltas, and alluvial fans in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lowstand systems tract and in gray sandstone layers in the vertical redox zoning. The orebodies are controlled by the tectonic slope belt, which is in the shape of a strip on the plane, and spreads in a layer or plate on the section. Vertical (ups and downs) tectonic movement triggers large-scale phreatic flow in the basin, which is the real driving force for controlling the ore-forming fluid. The theoretical system of sandstone-type uranium deposits in northern China should be based on global tectonic move‐ment and environmental changes and take into account factors such as basins as a unit to study miner‐alization background, ore concentration areas as objects to study mineralization, and the correlation between regional tectonic movement and metallogenic process as a breakthrough point to study tecton‐ic events and metallogenic events. It should also be based on different basin types to establish metallo‐genic models. The innovative research results and ideas are summarized with the aim of promoting the continuous improvement of sandstone-type uranium mineralization theory in northern China.
U-Blacks Mineralization in Sandstone Uranium Deposits
Olga A. Doynikova
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1451-x
[Abstract](20) [PDF 18000KB](14)
Abstract:
Ores of infiltration sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the sedimentary cover are ubiquitous composed of dispersed soot powder mineralization of black, brownish-black colour. Longterm studies of such loose U-ores by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) proved their polymineral nature. Uranium blacks are composed by at least three different U-mineral forms: oxide (uraninite), silicate (coffinite) and phosphate (ningyoite) which are present in various proportions of ore compositions. Such high dispersed friable uranium formations are difficult to diagnose by tradition‐al mineralogical methods (optical, XRD, IR and X-ray spectroscopy, etc.) which analyze total sample composition (phases mixture); their results characterize the dominant sample phase, omitting both sharply subordinate and X-ray amorphous phases. All research results are based on ATEM methods (SAED+EDS), which are optimal for crystallochemical diagnostics in the mineralogical study of such uranium ores. The article presents the diagnostic characteristics under electron microscope (EM) of uranous minerals from different sandstone deposits with their origin being discussed.
Classification of Sandstone-Related Uranium Deposits
Michel Cuney, Julien Mercadier, Christophe Bonnetti
 doi: doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1532-x
[Abstract](109) [PDF 1583KB](26)
Abstract:
Sandstone type deposits are the most common type of uranium deposits in the world. A large variety of sub-types have been defined, based either on the morphology of the deposits (e.g., tabu‐lar, roll front, etc), or on the sedimentological setting (e.g., paleovalley, paleochannel, unconformity), or on tectonic or lithologic controls (e.g., tectonolithologic, mafic dykes/sills), or still on a variety of others characteristics (phreatic oxidation type, interlayer permeable type, multi-element stratabound infiltra‐tional, solution front limb deposit, humate type, etc.), reflecting the diversity of the characteristics of these deposits, but making it difficult to have a clear overview of these deposits. Moreover, uranium de‐posits occurring in the same sedimentological setting (e.g., paleochannel), presenting similar morpholo‐gies (e.g., tabular), may result from different genetic mechanisms and thus can be misleading for explora‐tion strategies. The aim of the present paper is to propose a new view on sandstone-related uranium de-posits combining both genetic and descriptive criteria. The dual view is indeed of primordial importance because all the critical characteristics of each deposit type, not limited to the morphology/geometry of the ore bodies and their relationships with depositional environments of the sandstone, have to be taken into account to propose a comprehensive classification of uranium deposits. In this respect, several key ore-forming processes, like the physical-chemical characteristics of the mineralizing fluid, have to be used to integrate genetic aspects in the classification. Although a succession of concentration steps, potentially temporally-disconnected, are involved in the genesis of some uranium mineralization, the classification here proposed will focus on the main mechanisms responsible for the formation and/or the location of ore deposits. The objective of this paper is also to propose a robust and widely usable ter‐minology to define and categorize sandstone uranium deposits, considering the diversity of their origin and morphologies, and will be primarily based on the temperature of the mineralizing fluid considered as having played the critical role in the transportation of the uranium, starting from synsedimentary ura‐nium deposits to those related to higher temperature fluids.
COVER
2024, 35(4): .  
[Abstract](38) [PDF 334KB](18)
Abstract:
CONTENTS
2024, 35(4): .  
[Abstract](7) [PDF 331KB](18)
Abstract:
Structural Geology
Detrital Zircon Geochronology of Early Triassic Strata in the West Qinling Orogen: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean
Zuochen Li, Xianzhi Pei, Liyong Wei, Guobing Liang, Meng Wang, Ruibao Li, Lei Pei, Chengjun Liu, Youxin Chen, Feng Gao
2024, 35(4): 1087-1106.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1714-1
[Abstract](123) [FullText HTML](124) [PDF 12771KB](49)
Abstract:

The West Qinling Orogen (WQO) is located in the western part of the Qinling Orogen and in the transition zone of Qilian Orogen, Songpan-Garze Orogen and Yangtze Block, and also the key position of Triassic collision orogenic event. The study of the Early Triassic strata in the WQO is contributed to analyze the closure process of the paleo-Tethys. We conducted LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating studies on detrital zircons to determine the provenance, depositional age, and tectonic setting of the Early Triassic Longwuhe Formation in the Lintan area of the WQO. The results show that the majority of the detrital zircons in the Longwuhe Formation are mainly magmatic origin and have characteristic of crust source zircon. The lowest limit of sedimentation of the Longwuhe Formation is constrained to the Early Triassic, with the youngest detrital zircon age of 253 ± 3 Ma. The ages can be divided into five age groups: 3 346–1 636 Ma, with two peak ages of ca. 2 495 and ca. 1 885 Ma; 1 585–1 010 Ma, with a peak age at ca. 1 084 Ma; 992–554 Ma, with a peak age at ca. 939 Ma; 521–421 Ma, with a peak age at ca. 445 Ma; 418–253 Ma, with a peak age at ca. 280 Ma. Apparently, the sources of the Longwuhe Formation include the northern margin of the WQO, the Qilian Orogen (QLO) and the basement of the southern margin of the North China Block (NCB), of which the ancient basement of the southern margin of the NCB is the main source area of the Longwuhe Formation. Combined with previous studies, we propose that the Longwuhe Formation was formed in a fore-arc basin, which is related to the closure of the A'nyemaqen-Mianlüe Ocean from the Early Permian to Early–Middle Triassic due to the northward subduction-collision of the Yangtze Block (YZB). This also indicates that the A'nyemaqen-Mianlüe Ocean has flat subduction characteristics.

Quaternary Activity Characteristics and Regional Tectonic Significance of the Jiulong Fault in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
Xin Qi, Yuyong Jiao, Qinghua Li, Bin Li
2024, 35(4): 1107-1117.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1794-y
[Abstract](85) [FullText HTML](85) [PDF 10130KB](37)
Abstract:

Obtaining geological and landform dislocation features, as well as the measured stratigraphic activity age, provides direct evidence to evaluate fault activity, which is more difficult to do in areas with low tectonic activity, such as eastern and central China. A detailed investigation of the fault activity, trenching, drilling joint geological profile, geological survey, and chronological analysis were used to obtain the spatial geometry, fault kinematics, and activity chronology of the Jiulong fault. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The Jiulong fault was a fracture zone composed of four branch faults, with a width of around 30–40 m and good extendibility, while the maximum surface rupture length was 373 m. (2) The Jiulong fault has many strata dislocations, and the dislocation distance decreased from bottom to top, demonstrating synsedimentary structure characteristics, with a maximum stratigraphic dislocation distance of 18.2 m. (3) Preliminary analysis suggested the Jiulong fault as a secondary fracture of the Xiangfan-Guangji fault zone and provided evidence of the southeastward extension of the Xiangfan-Guangji fault. A preliminary hypothesis purported the Xiangfan-Guangji fault as the seismogenic fault of the Ms 5.0 magnitude earthquake in 1911. (4) According to OSL and ESR dating analyses, the upper breakpoint of the Jiulong fault cuts into the Late Pleistocene Xingang Formation (Qp3x) strata, and the latest active age of the Jiulong fault was 57.6 ka. The chronology analysis confirmed an active fault from the Late Pleistocene and identified a weak tectonic in Jiujiang Province, which represents the largest active fault outcrop uncovered in the area so far. This study provides evidence and research materials for the evaluation of fault activity and seismic stability in this region.

Application of Detrital Apatite U-Pb Geochronology and Trace Elements for Provenance Analysis, Insights from a Study on the Yarlung River Sand
Yufeng Du, Guangwei Li, Danyang Liu, Xianyan Wang, Dongxu Cai, Xiaolu Dong, Qi Yu
2024, 35(4): 1118-1129.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1863-x
[Abstract](72) [FullText HTML](72) [PDF 5168KB](28)
Abstract:

Detrital U-bearing minerals (e.g., zircon, apatite) U-Pb ages with specific trace-element geochemistry, are frequently used in provenance analyses. In this study, we focus on the Yarlung River drainage in South Tibet, characterized by two distinct lithologic units: The Gangdese batholith to the north (mainly granitoids) and the Tethyan Himalaya (mainly sedimentary rocks) to the south, which plays a crucial role in the erosion of the Tibetan Plateau. To constrain the provenance of the Yarlung River Basin, we performed trace-element and U-Pb age analyses of detrital apatite from the river sands of the Yarlung River and its tributaries. Our findings indicate that the detrital apatite U-Pb age patterns of the north tributaries exhibit main peaks at approximately 40 and 60 Ma, consistent with the corresponding U-Pb age patterns of detrital zircon published. Further, their trace element casts fall mainly in the Type I granite region, also indicating the Gangdese arc-dominated source. However, those of the south tributaries (~60–20 Ma) exhibit a different age distribution from the detrital zircon U-Pb groups (~110–150, ~500, and 1 100 Ma), suggesting that the detailed apatite U-Pb signals can provide excellent constraints on the provenance of igneous and metamorphic rock sources but less so for sedimentary rock sources. Combined with previous detrital zircon data in the study area, our detrital apatite information can highlight young metamorphic events from a complex background (i.e., Niyang and Nianchu rivers), which offers additional constraints on the provenance of the Yarlung River Basin. Generally, a combination of geochemistry and geochronology of multi-detrital heavy minerals, such as zircon and apatite, can provide powerful tools for provenance analysis.

Paleozoic Multi-Stage Magmatic Events Related to Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys Evolution: Insights from Intrusive Rocks in the Eastern Altyn Orogen, NW China
Jiyong Li, Yanqing Xia, Xilong Zhang, Haoyuan Jiang, Tianzhu Lei, Yongchao Wang, Yanhong Liu, Shanpin Liu, Xiaobao Zhang
2024, 35(4): 1130-1148.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1603-z
[Abstract](50) [FullText HTML](50) [PDF 30827KB](23)
Abstract:

Abundant mafic-felsic intrusions distributed in the Altyn Orogen record orogenic histories related to Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys evolution. Zircon U-Pb dating of the intrusive rocks in the eastern Altyn Orogen identifies at least three major tectono-magmatic episodes, yielding ages of ~426, ~376–373 and ~269–254 Ma. The first two emplacement episodes correspond to the post-collisional magmatism in the Altyn Orogen. The ~426 Ma granitoids possess adakitic characteristics coupled with enriched isotopes, suggesting that they originated from partial melting of thickened lower continental crust induced by upwelling asthenospheric mantle after slab break-off of the South Altyn Ocean Plate. Next, the ~376–373 Ma mafic-intermediate rocks and coeval granitoids represent a large thermal event that involved mantle melting with induced new juvenile lower continental crust melting in a post-collisional extensional setting. Finally, the ~254 Ma diabase dykes intruded into the ~269 Ma granitoids, which were related to the widespread Late Paleozoic magmatism resulting from Paleo-Tethys Ocean subduction. Post-collisional magmatism in the Altyn Orogen significantly enhances understanding of the tectono-magmatic evolution in the northern Tibetan Plateau. The penetrative influence of Paleo-Tethys Ocean subduction was more extensive than previously thought.

Microstructures, Deformation Mechanisms and Seismic Properties of Synkinematic Migmatite from Southeastern Tibet: Insights from the Migmatitic Core of the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone, Western Yunnan, China
Weiwei Ma, Bo Zhang, Fulong Cai, Baoyou Huang, Lei Zhang
2024, 35(4): 1149-1169.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1678-1
[Abstract](55) [FullText HTML](55) [PDF 25221KB](25)
Abstract:

Seismic anisotropy originating within the continental crust is commonly used to determine the deformation and kinematic flow within active orogens and is attributed to regionally oriented mica or hornblende grains. However, naturally deformed rocks usually contain compositional layers (e.g., parallel compositional banding). It is necessary to understand how both varying mineral contents and differing intensities of compositional layering influence the seismic properties of the deep crust. In this study, we analyzed the seismic response of migmatitic amphibolite with compositional banding structures. We present the microstructures, fabrics, calculated seismic velocities, and seismic anisotropies of mylonitic amphibolite from a horizontal shear layer preserved within the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, southwestern Yunnan, China. The investigated sample is characterized by pronounced centimeter-scale compositional banding. The microstructures and fabrics suggest that migmatitic amphibolite rocks within deep crust may delineate regions of deformation-assisted, channelized, reactive, porous melt flow. The origin of compositional banding in the studied migmatitic amphibolite is attributed primarily to partial melting together with some horizontal shearing deformation. The microfabrics and structures investigated in this study are considered to be typical for the base of active horizontal shear layers in the deep crust of southeastern Tibet. Seismic responses are modeled by using crystal preferred orientations for minerals of the migmatitic amphibolite by applying the Voigt-Reuss-Hill homogenization method. Calculated P-wave and S-wave velocities are largely consistent in the various layers of the migmatite. However, seismic anisotropies of P-wave (AVp) and S-wave (AVs) are higher in the melanosomes (AVp = 5.6%, AVs = 6.83%) than those in the leucosomes and the whole rock (AVp = 4.2%–4.6%, AVs = 3.1%–3.2%). In addition, there is pronounced, S-wave splitting oblique to the foliation plane in the migmatitic amphibolite. The multiple parallel compositional layers generate marked variation in the geometry of the seismic anisotropy (Vs1 polarization) in the whole rock. Combined with the macroscale geographical orientation of fabrics in the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, these compositional banding effects are inferred to generate significant variations in the magnitude and orientation of seismic anisotropy, especially for shear-wave anisotropy (AVs) in the deep crust. Hence, our data suggest that layering of various origins (e.g., shear layers, partial-melting layers, and compositional layers) represents a new potential source of anisotropy within the deep crust.

Mineral Deposits
Ore Geology, H-O-C Isotopes and 40Ar-39Ar Dating of the Wutonggou Iron Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Implications for the Source, Timing, and Genesis of Hydrothermal Mineralization in a Sedimentary Iron Deposit
Chun-Long Wang, Yi-Tian Wang
2024, 35(4): 1170-1185.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1686-1
[Abstract](306) [FullText HTML](289) [PDF 9490KB](64)
Abstract:

The Wutonggou iron deposit is located in the well-known iron metallogenic belt in the eastern Tianshan, NW China, and has been regarded as a sedimentary iron deposit. Although hydrothermal overprinting could play indispensable roles in the formation of high-grade iron ores in sedimentary iron deposits, previous studies mainly focused on sedimentary-related iron mineralization, while the nature and contribution of hydrothermal fluids are poorly constrained. Accordingly, an integrated study of ore geology, H-O-C isotopes and 40Ar-39Ar dating, is conducted on the Wutonggou deposit, in order to reveal the features, source, and timing of hydrothermal mineralization. The studied deposit includes two mining sections namely the Jianshan and Wutonggou. The δ18O values of early magnetite from the Jianshan section range from +3.0‰ to +5.8‰ that nearly consistent with classic magmatic magnetite, while increase to 6.3‰–8.0‰ in the late stage. Quartz from the two sections shows comparable H-O isotopic compositions and identical fractionation trends, and is plotted in or periphery to the primary magmatic water area. Calcites from the two sections are broadly similar in carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions, and siderite from the Wutonggou section is plotted in the same region. Thus, comparable stable isotopic compositions and evolution trends indicate similar magmatic fluids contributed hydrothermal iron mineralization in the two mining sections. Moreover, water-rock interactions of varying degrees generated distinct mineralization styles in the Jianshan and Wutonggou sections, and caused the isotopic fractionation in late stages. Biotite extracted from a hydrothermal siderite ore yielded a 40Ar-39Ar plateau age of 299.5 ± 2.0 Ma, indicates the timing of hydrothermal iron mineralization is corresponding to the emplacement of vicinity granitoids. Taken together, the hydrothermal mineralization in the Wutonggou iron deposit was the product of remobilization and upgrading of early sedimentary iron ores, and ore-forming fluids were most probably originated from regional granitic magmatism.

Tracing Sources of Geochemical Anomalies in a Deeply Buried Volcanic-Related Hydrothermal Uranium Deposit: the Daguanchang Deposit, Northern Hebei Province, North China Craton
Yangyang Zhang, Yuelong Chen, Dapeng Li, Huan Kang, Mingliang Fang, Yunliang Xu
2024, 35(4): 1186-1195.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1597-6
[Abstract](62) [FullText HTML](62) [PDF 1718KB](23)
Abstract:

Radon (Rn) and helium (He) gases from uranium decay form distinct anomalies related to buried uranium deposits. In order to trace the geochemical anomalous sources from the volcanic-related uranium deposits in deeply buried areas, systematical Rn contents and He isotope ratios were analyzed from the Daguanchang uranium deposit. The soil gas Rn concentrations above the deep uranium are ten times higher than those in barren areas, indicating that instantaneous Rn content measurements can be used to detect deeply buried uranium. The helium isotope ratios (3He/4He) of the unmineralized samples from the mineralized drill hole (ZK1) are relatively lower and uniform compared to those of the samples from no-mineral drill hole (ZK2). However, the Th and U contents of the drill core samples from ZK1 are slightly lower than those of the samples from ZK2, indicating that the lower 3He/4He ratios in ZK1 are most likely due to the addition of 4He from underlying uranium intervals. The differences in the instantaneous Rn contents are consistent with the variations in the He isotope ratios of the drill core samples. These results demonstrate that soil gas Rn and 3He/4He ratios are useful tracers and can indicate the existence of deeply buried volcanic-related hydrothermal uranium ores.

Structural Stability of Natural Magnesiochromite at High-Temperature-Pressure Conditions
Shuyu Jin, Xiang Wu, Yungui Liu, Yanfei Zhang, Chao Wang
2024, 35(4): 1196-1203.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1798-7
[Abstract](52) [FullText HTML](52) [PDF 2374KB](19)
Abstract:

The podiform chromitites in the Luobusha ophiolite have been thought to experience a very deep formation, but the maximum depth is still an open issue. Here, we have investigated the structural stability of natural magnesiochromite using the synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction and diamond anvil cells up to 48.6 GPa and 2 450 K. The results have shown that spinel-type magnesiochromite first decomposes into corundum-type 'Cr2O3' + B1-type 'MgO' at 11–14 GPa and 1 250–1 450 K, then modified ludwigite (mLd)-type 'Mg2Cr2O5'+ corundum-type 'Cr2O3' at 14.3–20.5 GPa and 1 300–2 000 K, and finally CaTi2O4-type phase at 24.5 GPa. During the quenching procession from high-temperature-pressure conditions, the mLd-type phase appeared again and was kept at ambient conditions. We also obtained the isothermal equation states of spinel-type and CaTi2O4-type phases, revealing the composition effect on their elasticities. Based on the updated results, we propose chromitites could not experience pressure exceeding ~14.3 GPa (approximate maximum depth ~400 km) in the subduction-recycling genesis model.

Paleontology and Paleoecology
Structural and Chemical Characterization of the Ediacaran Embryo-Like Fossils via the Combination of 3D-XRM and FIB-SEM Approaches
Qian Chen, Weichen Sun, Suping Wu, Zongjun Yin
2024, 35(4): 1204-1214.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0008-1
[Abstract](59) [FullText HTML](59) [PDF 6411KB](23)
Abstract:

The three-dimensional (3D) morphology, anatomy, and in-situ chemical composition analysis of fossils are crucial for systematic paleontology and determining their phylogenetic positions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), offers valuable structural and chemical information for the analysis of fossils. However, its primary limitation is the restriction to two-dimensional surface data, which limits the exploration of fossils' 3D complexities. Conversely, 3D X-ray microscopy (3D-XRM), also known as a novel form of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) facilitates the non-destructive 3D reconstruction of fossil specimens. Nevertheless, it lacks the capability to provide in-situ compositional data. Acknowledging the constraints inherent in these individual techniques, and in response to the evolving requirements of paleontological research, this study introduces an integrated approach that combines 3D-XRM with EDS-coupled focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). This innovative strategy is designed to synergize the advantages of both techniques, thereby addressing challenges that conventional methods cannot. It enables the rapid identification of regions of interest (ROI) within fossil specimens at micrometer resolution. Subsequently, this method collects detailed data on both 3D structures and chemical compositions at the nanometer scale for the identified ROI. This integrated approach represents a significant advancement in paleontological and geological research methodologies, promising to meet the increasing demands of these fields.

Thermal History of Cambrian Burgess Shale-Type Deposits: New Insights from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang and Qingjiang Fossils of South China
Yuheng Qiao, Linhao Cui, Guangyuan Xing, Dongjing Fu, Chao Chang, Robert Gaines, Xingliang Zhang
2024, 35(4): 1215-1223.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1921-2
[Abstract](58) [FullText HTML](58) [PDF 7994KB](23)
Abstract:

Burgess Shale-type deposits provide a wealth of information on the early evolution of animals. Questions that are central to understanding the exceptional preservation of these biotas and the paleoenvironments they inhabited may be obscured by the post-depositional alteration due to metamorphism at depth and weathering near the Earth's surface. Among over 50 Cambrian BST biotas, the Chengjiang and Qingjiang deposits are well known for their richness of soft-bodied taxa, fidelity of preservation, and Early Cambrian Age. While alteration via weathering has been well-investigated, the thermal maturity of the units bearing the two biotas has not yet been elucidated. Here we investigate peak metamorphic temperatures of the two deposits using two independent methods. Paleogeotemperature gradient analyses demonstrate that the most fossiliferous sections of the Chengjiang were buried at a maximum depth of ~8 500 m in the Early Triassic, corresponding to ~300 ℃, while the type area of the Qingjiang biota was buried at a maximum depth of ~8 700 m in the Early Jurassic, corresponding to ~240 ℃. Raman geothermometer analyses of fossil carbonaceous material demonstrate that peak temperatures varied across localities with different burial depth. The two productive sections of the Chengjiang biota were thermally altered at a peak temperature of approximately 300 ℃, and the main locality of the Qingjiang biota experienced a peak temperature of 238 ± 22 ℃. These results from two independent methods are concordant. Among BST deposits for which thermal maturity has been documented, the Qingjiang biota is the least thermally mature, and therefore holds promise for enriching our understanding of BST deposits.

First Record of Middle Eocene Elephant Ancestors' Footprints in the Gonjo Basin, East Tibet Plateau
Asma Tahir, Huazhou Yao, Junaid Khan, Yangui Li, He Zhao, Yue Yu, Tang Yuan
2024, 35(4): 1224-1235.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1946-6
[Abstract](135) [FullText HTML](136) [PDF 5695KB](61)
Abstract:

It is the first time that the fossil footprints of a group of Middle Eocene elephant ancestors have been discovered in the Gonjo Basin, East Tibet Plateau. The Gonjo Formation is attributed to the Middle Eocene Epoch (U-Pb age = 44.7 ± 1.2 Ma) and consists mainly of purplish-red, medium- to coarse-grained sandstones, siltstones interbedded with mudstones, and conglomerates with sedimentary structures like ripple marks, rip-up clasts, and trough-cross bedding, suggesting fluvial-lacustrine systems. The group of fossil footprints has a characteristic oval-concave shape, and the toe impressions are absent. Some fossil footprints are overstepped with a pockmarked texture resembling Proboscipeda enigmatica. More than 165 fossil footprints of the group are relatively well-preserved with different diameters, which is evidence of highly social behavior and trackmakers of different ages, including calves, juveniles, adolescents, and adults. The size frequency of the fossil footprints enabled us to deduce the body mass, shoulder height, and hip-height distribution of the trackmakers that crossed the East Tibet Plateau 44.7 Ma ago. The trackmakers comprised an estimated average hip-height of 111.8 cm, an average shoulder height of 172.8 cm for males/155.9 cm for females, and an average body mass of approximately 1 218.1 kg for males/907.8 kg for females. The abundance of fossil footprints reveals that in the Middle Eocene Epoch, the environment was extraordinarily conducive for the elephant ancestors to live in the East Tibet region.

Note on Lower Triassic Gondolelloid Conodont Rediversifications with Emphasis on the Spathian Recovery
Ali Murat Kilic
2024, 35(4): 1236-1242.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1954-8
[Abstract](40) [FullText HTML](40) [PDF 1268KB](19)
Abstract:

Conodonts, as a biotic group, next to ammonoids, pollen and spores, crustaceans and vertebrates, provide proxy clues for environment and age assessments of the rocks in which they occur. Conodonts are widely used for Triassic marine biostratigraphy. However, there are various discussions about their multielement taxonomy and evolutionary lineages (e.g., generation, speciation). Although first studies reported that most Triassic conodont species were unimembrate, studies carried out in the following years maintained that all Triassic conodonts were multimembrate. Although statistical reconstructions of a number of Triassic apparatuses were attempted, the discovery of fused clusters and natural assemblages has subsequently demonstrated that Triassic conodonts are indeed multimembrate, and all of the elements exist together in the same apparatus. The present paper aims to clarify the evolutionary relationship and array of some Lower Triassic conodonts. Columbitella dagisi n. sp. is described.

Engineering Geology and Geo-hazards
A Method for Evaluating the Maximum Bending Degree of Flexural Toppling Rock Masses Based on the Rock Tensile Strain-Softening Model
Jiongchao Wang, Jun Zheng, Jichao Guo, Qing Lü, Jianhui Deng
2024, 35(4): 1243-1253.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1805-z
[Abstract](39) [FullText HTML](39) [PDF 3810KB](20)
Abstract:

Flexural toppling occurs when a series of layered rock masses bend towards their free face. It is important to evaluate the maximum bending degree and the requirement of supports of flexural toppling rock mass to prevent rock mass cracking and even failure leading to a landslide. Based on the rock tensile strain-softening model, this study proposes a method for calculating the maximum curvature (Cppmax) of flexural toppling rock masses. By applying this method to calculate Cppmax of 9 types of rock masses with different hardness and rock layer thickness, some conclusions are drawn: (1) the internal key factors affecting Cppmax are E* (E*= Ess/E0, where E0 and Ess are the mean deformation moduli of the rock before and after reaching its peak tensile strength, respectively), the strain εt corresponding to the tensile strength of rock, and the thickness (h) of rock layers; (2) hard rock layers are more likely to develop into block toppling than soft rock layers; and (3) thin rock layers are more likely to remain in flexural toppling state than thick rock layers. In addition, it is found that Cppmax for flexural toppling rock masses composed of bedded rocks such as gneiss is related to the tensile direction.

Effects of the Rainfall-Triggered Lisse Effect on the Stability of Loess Slopes
Zhizhou Yang, Donghui Cheng, Jun Xia
2024, 35(4): 1254-1262.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1536-6
[Abstract](42) [FullText HTML](42) [PDF 1269KB](21)
Abstract:

This paper coupled a water-air two-phase hydrodynamic (WATPH) model with the Iverson's method to analyze the influence of the Lisse effect on the fast groundwater pressure (Pw) response and the slope stability. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the driving force and loess soil parameters were investigated. Results showed that the WATPH model simulated the height and rise of the depth to the water table reasonably well. The depth to water table before rainfall (H0) had a significant impact on the Lisse effect and the slope stability. When the H0 was less than approximately 1 m, the rainfall triggered a significant Lisse effect and decreased the slope factor of safety (Fs). When the rainfall intensity (Ri) was higher than the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), the Lisse effect and the Fs slightly changed with the increase of the Ri, and the slope tended to be unstable with continuous rainfall. With increasing Ks, the Lisse effect noticeably increased, and the minimum Fs quickly decreases. The analysis of the normalized sensitivity coefficient revealed that H0 had a dramatic impact on the Lisse effect and loess slope stability. The different Ri and Ks values had prominent influences on the Lisse effect and slight impacts on Fs.

Research on Reservoir Landslide Thrust Based on Improved Morgenstern-Price Method
Xuan Wang, Xinli Hu, Chang Liu, Lifei Niu, Peng Xia, Jian Wang, Jiehao Zhang
2024, 35(4): 1263-1272.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1545-5
[Abstract](45) [FullText HTML](46) [PDF 1473KB](19)
Abstract:

The curve of landslide thrust plays a key role in landslide design. The commonly used transfer coefficient method (TCM) and Morgenstern-Price method (MPM) are analyzed. TCM does not take into account the moment balance between slices. Although MPM considers the moment balance, the calculation is complex, and it does not consider that the force between slices may be less than zero at the back edge of the landslide. The rationality and feasibility of the improved MPM are verified by calculating the landslide stability coefficient and landslide thrust at different reservoir water levels. This paper studies the law of landslide thrust when the reservoir water level changes, and discusses the determination of design thrust, to provide a certain theoretical basis for the design of reservoir landslides.

Gravity Change Caused by Heavy Rainfall Detected by A gPhone Gravimeter in Zhengzhou, China
Lelin Xing, Yufei Han, Xiaowei Niu, Lei Bai
2024, 35(4): 1273-1276.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1568-y
[Abstract](44) [FullText HTML](44) [PDF 1458KB](19)
Abstract:

The short-term effect of heavy rainfall on gPhone gravimeter observation at Zhengzhou Seismic Station is investigated. According to the observation data during Jul. 17–20, 2021, the corrected gravity residual reflects the gravimetric response caused by heavy rainfall. The observed gravity change is dominated by the local effect considering topographic effect on gravity. The deduced water depth near the observation station is about 300 mm.

Field Study of HPTRM Combined with Vegetation and Anchor to Protect Newly Excavated Expansive Soil Slope
Yingzi Xu, Xuhang Liao, Linqiang Tang, Lin Li
2024, 35(4): 1277-1288.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1570-4
[Abstract](38) [FullText HTML](38) [PDF 3999KB](18)
Abstract:

Anchor reinforced vegetation system (ARVS) comprises high performance turf reinforcement mats (HPTRM), vegetation and anchors. It is a new attempt to apply the system in expansive soil slope protection. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of ARVS in protecting newly excavated expansive soil slopes. The field tests on the bare slope, grassed slope and ARVS protective slope were carried out, including natural and artificial rainfall. During the test, the soil water content, soil deformation, and anchor axial force were monitored, and then the slope protection mechanism of ARVS was analyzed. It was found that ARVS can effectively protect expansive soil slopes compared with bare slopes and grassed slopes. The vegetation and HPTRM form a reinforced turf, and the anchors fix it to the slope surface, thus restraining the expansion deformation. The axial force on the anchor of ARVS includes frictional resistance and tensile force transmitted by HPTRM, which is maximum at the early stage of support. The neutral point of the anchor of ARVS moves deeper under atmospheric action, but the vegetation and HPTRM on the slope surface can limit this movement.

Deep Learning and Network Analysis: Classifying and Visualizing Geologic Hazard Reports
Wenjia Li, Liang Wu, Xinde Xu, Zhong Xie, Qinjun Qiu, Hao Liu, Zhen Huang, Jianguo Chen
2024, 35(4): 1289-1303.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1589-6
[Abstract](46) [FullText HTML](46) [PDF 3617KB](20)
Abstract:

If progress is to be made toward improving geohazard management and emergency decision-making, then lessons need to be learned from past geohazard information. A geologic hazard report provides a useful and reliable source of information about the occurrence of an event, along with detailed information about the condition or factors of the geohazard. Analyzing such reports, however, can be a challenging process because these texts are often presented in unstructured long text formats, and contain rich specialized and detailed information. Automatically text classification is commonly used to mine disaster text data in open domains (e.g., news and microblogs). But it has limitations to performing contextual long-distance dependencies and is insensitive to discourse order. These deficiencies are most obviously exposed in long text fields. Therefore, this paper uses the bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers (BERT), to model long text. Then, utilizing a softmax layer to automatically extract text features and classify geohazards without manual features. The latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model is used to examine the interdependencies that exist between causal variables to visualize geohazards. The proposed method is useful in enabling the machine-assisted interpretation of text-based geohazards. Moreover, it can help users visualize causes, processes, and other geohazards and assist decision-makers in emergency responses.

Physical Prediction Model of Compound Hydrodynamic Unload-Load Response Ratio and Its Application in Reservoir Colluvium Landslide
Lu Guo, Keqiang He, Honghua Liu, Fandi Meng, Xuchun Wang
2024, 35(4): 1304-1315.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1662-9
[Abstract](172) [FullText HTML](159) [PDF 1474KB](35)
Abstract:

It is well known that the deformation and damage of reservoir colluvium landslides are often determined by the combined dynamics of reservoir water level change and rainfall. Based on the systematic analysis of the change law of reservoir water level, rainfall and displacements of reservoir colluvium landslide, this paper proposes the compound hydrodynamic action of rainfall and reservoir water as the unload-load parameter, and the landslide displacement as the unload-load response parameter. Based on this, a physical prediction model of the compound hydrodynamic unload-load response ratio of reservoir colluvium landslide was established, and the quantitative relationship between the compound hydrodynamic unload-load response ratio and its stability evolution was in-depth analyzed and determined. On the basis of the above research, taking Shuping landslide, a typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide as an example, the unload-load response ratio model is used to systematically evaluate and predict the stability evolution law and the change trend of the landslide under compound hydrodynamic action. The prediction result shows that the variation law of the compound hydrodynamic unload-load response ratio is consistent with the dynamic evolution law of its stability. Therefore, the above studies show that the compound hydrodynamic unload-load response ratio parameter is an effective displacement dynamic evaluation parameter for reservoir colluvium landslides, so it can be used in the prediction of the reservoir colluvium landslides.

Model Test Study on Response of Weathered Rock Slope to Rainfall Infiltration under Different Conditions
Cong Li, Rongtang Zhang, Jiebing Zhu, Bo Lu, Xiaowei Wang, Fangling Xu, Xiaoke Shen, Jiesheng Liu, Weizhen Cai
2024, 35(4): 1316-1333.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1704-3
[Abstract](48) [FullText HTML](48) [PDF 4307KB](19)
Abstract:

Weathered rock (especially granite) slopes are prone to failure under the action of rainfall, making it necessary to study the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall infiltration for landslide prevention. In this study, a series of model tests of weathered rock slope under different conditions were conducted. The matric suction, volumetric water content, earth pressure and deformation of slope were monitored in real time during rainfall. The response of the slope to rainfall infiltration, failure process and failure mode of slope under different conditions were analyzed, and the early warning criterion for the failure of weathered rock slope caused by rainfall was studied. The results show that the slope deformation evolution process under rainfall condition was closely related to the dissipation of matric suction. When the distribution of the matrix suction (or water content) of slope met the condition that the resistance to sliding of the slip-mass was overcome, the displacement increased sharply and landslide occurred. Three factors including rainfall process, lithologic condition and excavation condition significantly affect the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall. It can be found from the test results under different conditions that compared with intermittent rainfall condition, the rainfall intensity and infiltration depth were smaller when the slope entering accelerated deformation stage under the condition of incremental rainfall. The accumulated rainfall when weathered clastic landslide occurring was greater than that of weathered granite, which results in greater disaster risk. The excavation angle and moisture distribution of a slope were the main factors affecting the stability of a slope. In addition, the evolution processes and critical displacement velocities of slopes were studied by combining the deformation curves and matrix suction curves, which can be used as reference for early warning of rainfall-induced weathered rock landslide.

Predicted Climate Change will Increase Landslide Risk in Hanjiang River Basin, China
Xinggang Tang, Lingjian Wang, Huiyong Wang, Yingdan Yuan, Dou Huang, Jinchi Zhang
2024, 35(4): 1334-1354.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1511-2
[Abstract](43) [FullText HTML](43) [PDF 8811KB](21)
Abstract:

Landslides are widespread geomorphological phenomena with complex mechanisms that have caused extensive causalities and property damage worldwide. The scale and frequency of landslides are presently increasing owing to the warming effects of climate change, which further increases the associated safety risks. In this study, the relationship between historical landslides and environmental variables in the Hanjiang River Basin was determined and an optimized model was used to constrain the relative contribution of variables and best spatial response curve. The optimal MaxEnt model was used to predict the current distribution of landslides and influence of future rainfall changes on the landslide susceptibility. The results indicate that environmental variables in the study area statistically correlate with landslide events over the past 20 years. The MaxEnt model evaluation was applied to landslide hazards in the Hanjiang River Basin based on current climate change scenarios. The results indicate that 25.9% of the study area is classified as a high-risk area. The main environmental variables that affect the distribution of landslides include altitude, slope, normalized difference vegetation index, annual precipitation, distance from rivers, and distance from roads, with a cumulative contribution rate of approximately 90%. The annual rainfall in the Hanjiang River Basin will continue to increase under future climate warming scenarios. Increased rainfall will further increase the extent of high- and medium-risk areas in the basin, especially when following the RCP8.5 climate prediction, which is expected to increase the high-risk area by 10.7% by 2070. Furthermore, high landslide risk areas in the basin will migrate to high-altitude areas in the future, which poses new challenges for the prevention and control of landslide risks. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the MaxEnt model as a tool for landslide susceptibility prediction in the Hanjiang River Basin caused by global warming and yields robust prediction results. This approach therefore provides an important reference for river basin management and disaster reduction and prevention. The study on landslide risks also supports the hypothesis that global climate change will further enhance the frequency and intensity of landslide activity throughout the course of the 21st Century.

Big Data
A Quantitative Seismic Topographic Effect Prediction Method Based upon BP Neural Network Algorithm and FEM Simulation
Qifeng Jiang, Mianshui Rong, Wei Wei, Tingting Chen
2024, 35(4): 1355-1366.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1795-x
[Abstract](47) [FullText HTML](47) [PDF 4630KB](20)
Abstract:

Topography can strongly affect ground motion, and studies of the quantification of hill surfaces' topographic effect are relatively rare. In this paper, a new quantitative seismic topographic effect prediction method based upon the BP neural network algorithm and three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) was developed. The FEM simulation results were compared with seismic records and the results show that the PGA and response spectra have a tendency to increase with increasing elevation, but the correlation between PGA amplification factors and slope is not obvious for low hills. New BP neural network models were established for the prediction of amplification factors of PGA and response spectra. Two kinds of input variables' combinations which are convenient to achieve are proposed in this paper for the prediction of amplification factors of PGA and response spectra, respectively. The absolute values of prediction errors can be mostly within 0.1 for PGA amplification factors, and they can be mostly within 0.2 for response spectra's amplification factors. One input variables' combination can achieve better prediction performance while the other one has better expandability of the predictive region. Particularly, the BP models only employ one hidden layer with about a hundred nodes, which makes it efficient for training.

Editorials
Discovery and Significance of Layered Chromite Mineralization in Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks from the Gayahe Area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China
Shao-Yong Jiang, Hailin Xie, Wenqi Ren, Bin Wang, Feng Yuan, Xiufeng Liu, Hui-Min Su
2024, 35(4): 1367-1372.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0041-0
[Abstract](52) [FullText HTML](52) [PDF 6640KB](24)
Abstract:
New Discovery of the Jinshui Tin Deposit in the Middle Section of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China: Mineralization Age and Exploration Significance
Xingkai Zhang, Shao-Yong Jiang, Hui-Min Su, Wei Wang, Qinglin Xia, Yunpeng Liu, Shien Li
2024, 35(4): 1373-1377.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1999-3
[Abstract](43) [FullText HTML](43) [PDF 1711KB](22)
Abstract:
Microbial Sulfate Reduction and Its Role in Carbon Sequestration in Marine Sediments
Xiting Liu, Houjie Wang, Jiarui Liu, Guang-Chao Zhuang
2024, 35(4): 1378-1381.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1998-4
[Abstract](39) [FullText HTML](39) [PDF 715KB](19)
Abstract:
More Catastrophic Flow Events may Follow the Chamoli Rock and Ice Avalanche under Climate Change
Haijun Qiu, Ya Liu, Bingzhe Tang, Ninglian Wang, Jiading Wang
2024, 35(4): 1382-1384.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1997-5
[Abstract](121) [FullText HTML](121) [PDF 4267KB](57)
Abstract:
Multicomponent Seismic Data Reconstruction via Anti-Aliasing Vector POCS Method
Fan Li, Jianjun Gao, Yun Wang, Chunming Wang, Sian Hou
2024, 35(4): 1385-1392.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1992-x
[Abstract](46) [FullText HTML](46) [PDF 4436KB](18)
Abstract:
Dix-Type Multi-Component Scholte Wave Dispersion Inversion without Initial Model
Linjing Zhao, Xiangchun Wang, Xiaobo Liu
2024, 35(4): 1393-1396.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1993-9
[Abstract](43) [FullText HTML](43) [PDF 1122KB](19)
Abstract:
Modified Biot Elastic Coefficients in Poroelastic Solid
Chun Yang, Yun Wang, Alexey Stovas, Liheng Wang
2024, 35(4): 1397-1401.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1994-8
[Abstract](41) [FullText HTML](41) [PDF 873KB](20)
Abstract:
Research and Application of Joint Interpretation Using P-Wave and PS-Wave in Tight Gas Exploration
Dong Wang, Meng Zhang, Jing Wang, Dan Chen, Yao Zhao, Jing Bai
2024, 35(4): 1402-1406.   doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-1995-7
[Abstract](51) [FullText HTML](51) [PDF 1969KB](20)
Abstract:

The exploration and development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs are controlled by high-quality river channel sand bodies on a large scale in Sichuan Basin. In order to improve the accuracy of sand body prediction and characterization, Multi-component exploration technology research has been carried out in Northwest Sichuan Basin. First, based on the array acoustic logging data, a forward modeling has been established to analyze the seismic response characteristics of the PS-wave data and P-wave data. The result shows that the response characteristics of the P-wave and PS-wave to the sand bodies with different impedance are different. And then through the analysis of logging data, the effectiveness of the forward modeling has been proved. When the sandstone velocity is close to the surrounding rocks, the P-wave performs as a weak reflection, which may lead to reduce the identification range of the sand bodies. However, the PS-wave exhibits strong reflection, which can identify this type of sand bodies. Finally, by comparing and explaining the PS-wave data and P-wave data, and integrating their attributes, the prediction accuracy of sand bodies is improved. Compared with the interpretation of a single P-wave, the results can significantly expand the distribution range of sand bodies, laying a foundation for improving the production capacity of single wells and reserve submission.

Vol 35, No 4 , 2024

ISSN 1674-487X

CN 42-1788/P

Editor in Chief: Yanxin Wang

Executive Editors in Chief: Zhong-Qiang Chen, Jiang Shaoyong

Associate Editor:

Shu Jiang,Changdong Li,Rui Ma 
Qiliang Sun,Timothy M. Kusky,Dun Wang 
Lunche Wang,Long Xiao,Xin-Fu Zhao
Keqing ZongRenguang Zuo ,Zongjun Yin

2023 Impact Factor 4.1,  JCR Q1