Advanced Search

Indexed by SCI、CA、РЖ、PA、CSA、ZR、etc .

Volume 24 Issue 5
Oct 2013
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Zhen Wu, Shiqiang Zhang, Shiyin Liu. Optimal Antenna of Ground Penetrating Radar for Depicting the Debris Thickness and Structure of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2013, 24(5): 830-842. doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0376-4
Citation: Zhen Wu, Shiqiang Zhang, Shiyin Liu. Optimal Antenna of Ground Penetrating Radar for Depicting the Debris Thickness and Structure of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2013, 24(5): 830-842. doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0376-4

Optimal Antenna of Ground Penetrating Radar for Depicting the Debris Thickness and Structure of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan, China

doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0376-4
Funds:

the Chinese Glacier Inventory 2008DFA20400

the Chinese Glacier Inventory 2012M521817

More Information
  • Corresponding author: Shiqiang Zhang, zhangsq@lzb.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 15 Mar 2012
  • Accepted Date: 20 Jun 2012
  • Publish Date: 01 Oct 2013
  • We use multi-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) to detect and map debris thickness and shallow layer structure of buried ice-body under debris-covered. The basis analysis is depend on mainly (1) the stacking wave velocity in a common mid-point (CMP) survey, (2) the ratio of attenuation of an electromagnetic wave passing through different media, and (3) the vertical resolution. Through a series of analysis, it was found that the optimal average velocity in the shallow layer (0–4 m) is 0.06 m/ns. Images obtained with antennas having different frequencies have different characteristics; i.e., the 50 MHz antenna provides much worse vertical resolution than the 200 and 100 MHz antennas (90 and 160 ns, respectively) and the performance of the 200 MHz antenna for a debris-covered glacier is best. This study provides the basis for accurate analysis of the structure and thickness of the debris layer in the zone of ablation of a debris-covered glacier, this study also provides a reference for research into the formation mechanism and estimation of the ice volume of glacier covered by debris.

     

  • loading
  • Arcone, S. A., Lawson, D. E., Delaney, A. J., 1995. Short-Pulse Radar Wavelet Recovery and Resolution of Dielectric Contrasts within Englacial and Basal Ice of Matanuska Glacier, USA. Journal of Glaciology, 41(137): 68–86 doi: 10.1017/S0022143000017779
    Arcone, S. A., Lawson, D. E., Delaney, A. J., et al., 1998. Ground-Penetrating Radar Reflection Profiling of Groundwater and Bedrock in an Area of Discontinuous Permafrost. Geophysics, 63(5): 1573–1584 doi: 10.1190/1.1444454
    Berard, B.A., Maillol, J. M., 2007. Multi-Offset Ground Penetrating Radar Data for Improved Imaging in Areas of Lateral Complexity—Application at a Native American Site. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 62(2): 167–177 doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2006.10.002
    Bernabini, M., Pettinelli, E., Pierdicca, N., et al., 1995. Field Experiments for Characterization of GPR Antenna and Pulse Propagation. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1): 63–76 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0926985195900306
    Brandt, O., Langley, K., Kohler, J., et al., 2007. Detection of Buried Ice and Sediment Layers in Permafrost Using Multi-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar: A Case Examination on Svalbard. Remote Sensing of Environment, 111(2–3): 212–227 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL&_method=add&_eid=1-s2.0-S0034425707002805&originContentFamily=serial&_origin=article&_ts=1489821346&md5=fb6a0b39247669211359d3c99fe74153
    Clarke, G. K. C., Goodman, R. H., 1975. Radio Echo Soundings and Ice-Temperature Measurements in a Surge-Type Glacier. Journal of Glaciology, 14(70): 71–78 doi: 10.1017/S002214300001340X
    Daniels, D. J., 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd Edition. IEE Radar, Sonar and Navigation Series 15 (Ed. ), The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London. 752, doi: 10.1049/PBRA015E
    Deline, P., 2005. Change in Surface Debris Cover on Mont Blanc Massif Glaciers after the "Little Ice Age" Termination. Holocene, 15(2): 302–309 doi: 10.1191/0959683605hl809rr
    Derald, G., Smith, H., Jol, M., 1995. Ground Penetrating Radar Antenna Frequencies and Maximum Probable Depths of Penetration in Quaternary Sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33(1–3): 93–100 http://www.uvm.edu/~lewebb/CCLI/various%20papers/Smith%20and%20Jol%201995%20GPR.pdf
    Ding, Y. J., Liu, S. Y., Li, J., et al., 2006. The Retreat of Glaciers in Response to Recent Climate Warming in Western China. Annual of Glaciology, 44(1): 97–105 http://www.aari.ru/docs/pub/070202/din06.pdf
    Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Nixdorf, U., et al. 2003. Identifying Isochrones in GPR Profiles from DEP-Based Forward Modeling. Annals of Glaciology, 37(1): 344–350 http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000039496875610_3e03.html
    Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Steinhage, D., et al., 2006. Improved Method to Determine Radio-Echo Sounding Reflector Depths from Ice-Core Profiles of Permittivity and Conductivity. Journal of Glaciology, 52(177): 299–310 doi: 10.3189/172756506781828674
    Glasser, N. F., Hambrey, M. J., Etienne, J. L., et al., 2003. The Origin and Significance of Debris Charged Ridges at the Surface of Storglaciaren, Northern Sweden. Geogr. Ann. A, 85A(2): 127–147 http://www.mendeley.com/research/debrischarged-ridges-storglaci盲ren-origin-significance-debris-charged-ridges-surface-storglaci盲ren-n/
    Gunnar, Ö., 1959. Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges. Geografiska Annualer, 41(4): 228–230 doi: 10.1080/20014422.1959.11907953
    Han, H. D., Ding, Y. J., Liu, S. Y., 2005. Estimation of Ice Ablation under a Debris Cover. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 27(3): 329–336 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/291028016_Estimate_of_ice_ablation_under_a_debris_cover
    Han, H. D., Ding, Y. J., Liu, S. Y., 2006a. A Simple Model to Estimate Ice Ablation under a Thick Debris Layer. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 52(179): 528–536 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3189/172756506781828395
    Han, H. D., Liu, S. Y., Ding, Y. J., 2006b. Investigation of Ice Cliffs in the Debris-Covered Area of Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 28(6): 879–884 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BCDT200606012.htm
    Han, H. D., Liu, S. Y., Wang, J., et al., 2009. Glacial Runoff Characteristics of the Koxkar Glacier, Tuomuer-Khan Tengri Mountain Ranges, China. Environmental Earth Science, 61(4): 665–674, doi: 10.1007/s12665-009-0378-9
    Hodson, A. J., Ferguson, R. I., 1999. Fluvial Suspended Sediment Transport from Cold and Warm-Based Glaciers in Svalbard. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24: 957–974 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199910)24:11<957::AID-ESP19>3.0.CO;2-J
    Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., et al., 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., Moorman, B. J., Williams, L. M., et al., 2006. Seasonal Changes in Ground-Penetrating Radar Signature Observed at a Polythermal Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31: 892–909 doi: 10.1002/esp.1299
    Jol, H. M., 1995. Ground Penetrating Radar Antennae Frequencies and Transmitter Powers Compared for Penetration Depth, Resolution and Reflection Continuity. Geophys. Prospect, 43(5): 693–709 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1995.tb00275.x
    Li, Z. Q., Li, H. L., Chen, Y. N., 2011. Mechanisms and Simulation of Accelerated Shrinkage of Continental Glaciers: A Case Study of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in Eastern Tianshan, Central Asia. Journal of Earth Science, 22(4): 423–430, doi: 10.1007/s12583-001-0194-5
    Liu, C. H., Shi, Y. F., Wang, Z. T., et al., 2000. Glacierresources and Their Distributive Characterisics in China—A Review on Chinese Glacier Inventory. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 22(2): 106–112 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200002002.htm
    Liu, S. Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. S., et al., 2009. Estimation of Glacier Runoff and Future Trends in the Yangtze River Source Region, China. Journal of Glaciology, 55(190): 353–362 doi: 10.3189/002214309788608778
    Matthew, K., Jared, W. L., Murray, T. T., 2005. Characterisation of Glacial Sediments Using Geophysical Methods for Groundwater Source Protection. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 57(4): 293–305 doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.02.002
    Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Belò, M., et al., 2006. Glaciological Characteristics of the Ablation Zone of Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram. Annals of Glaciology, 43(1): 123–131 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guglielmina_Diolaiuti/publication/233709724_Glaciological_characteristics_of_the_ablation_zone_of_Baltoro_glacier_Karakoram_Pakistan/links/568d165508aef5c20c147bbd.pdf
    Mayne, W. H., 1962. Common-Reflection-Point Horizontal Data Stacking Techniques. Geophysics, 27(6): 927–938 doi: 10.1190/1.1439118
    Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Diolaiuti, G., et al., 2006. Ice Ablation and Meteorological Conditions on the Debris Covered Area of Baltoro Glacier (Karakoram, Pakistan). Annals of Glaciology, 43(1): 292–300 http://www.cnr.it/commesse/Allegato_34545.pdf?LO=01000000d9c8b7a609000000090000001c3f000078819b53000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000&type=octec/stream
    Moorman, B. J., Robinson, S. D., Burgess, M. M., 2003. Imaging Periglacial Conditions with Ground-Penetrating Radar. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 14(4): 319–329 doi: 10.1002/ppp.463
    Murray, T., Gooch, D. L., Stuart, G. W., 1997. Structures within the Surge Front at Bakaninbreen, Svalbard, Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Annals of Glaciology, 24: 122–129 doi: 10.3189/S0260305500012040
    Nakawo, M., Morohoshi, T., Uehara, S., 1993. Satellite Data Utilization for Estimating Ablation of Debris Covered Glacier. IAHS Publication, 218: 75–83 http://ks360352.kimsufi.com/redbooks/a218/iahs_218_0075.pdf
    Nakawo, M., Rana, B., 1999. Estimate of Ablation Rate of Glacier Ice under a Supraglacial Debris Layer. Geografiska Annaler, 81A(4): 695–701
    Paul, F., Huggel, C., Kaab, A., 2004. Combining Satellite Multispectral Image Data and a Digital Elevation Model for Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89(4): 510–518 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.007
    Peters, L., Daniels, J. J., Young, J. D., 1994. Ground Penetrating Radar as a Subsurface Environmental Sensing Tool. Proc. of IEEE, 82(12): 1802–1822 doi: 10.1109/5.338072
    Plewes, L. A., Hubbard, B., 2001. A Review of the Use of Radio-Echo Sounding in Glaciology. Prog. Phys. Geogr. , 25(2): 203–236 doi: 10.1177/030913330102500203
    Rana, B., Nakawo, M., Gukushima, Y., 1997. Application of a Conceptual Precipitation—Runoff Model (HYCYMODEL) in a Debris-Covered Glacierized Basin in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 25: 266–231 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003821501
    Ranzi, R., Grossi, G., Iacovelli, L., et al., 2004. Use of Multispectral ASTER Images for Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers within the GLIMS Project. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska, 2: 1144–1147 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/4110680_Use_of_multispectral_ASTER_images_for_mapping_debris-covered_glaciers_within_the_GLIMS_Project
    Roth, K., Boike, J., 2001. Quantifying the Thermal Dynamics of a Permafrost Site near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Water Resources Research, 37(12): 2901–2914 doi: 10.1029/2000WR000163
    Shi, Y. F., Yao, T. D., Huang, M. H., 2000. Glaciers and Their Environments in China: The Present, Past and Future. Science Press, Beijing. 29–34 (in Chinese)
    Steven, A. A., 1995. Numerical Studies of the Radiation Patterns of Resistively Loaded Dipoles. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33: 27–37, doi: 10.1016/0926-9851(95)90028-4
    Stokes, C. R., Popovnin, V., Aleynikov, A., et al., 2007. Recent Glacier Retreat in Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and Associated Increase in Supraglacial Debris Cover and Supra-Proglacial Lake Development. Annals of Glaciology, 46(1): 195–213 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnGla..46..195S
    Su, Z., Song, G. P., Wang, L. L., et al., 1985. Glaciers and Weather in Mt. Tuomuer District. Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House, Urumqi. 224 (in Chinese)
    Taschner, S., Ranzi, R., 2002. Comparing the Opportunities of LANSAT-TM and ASTER Data for Monitoring a Debris Covered Glacier in the Italian Alps within GLIMS Project. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2: 1044–1046 doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1025770
    Theakstone, W. H., 2010. Glacier Changes at Svartisen, Northern Norway, during the Last 125 Years: Influence Climate and Other Factors. Journal of Earth Science, 21(2): 123–136, doi: 10.1007/s12583-010-0011-6
    William, G., Adam, P., Knight, G., 2003. Identification of Basal Layer Debris in Ice-Marginal Moraines, Russell Glacier, West Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(14): 1407–1414 doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00079-9
    Wu, L. H., Li, H. L., Wang, L., et al., 2011. Application of a Degree-Day Model for Determination of Mass Balance of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan, China. Journal of Earth Science, 22(4): 470–481, doi: 10.1007/s12583-011-0201-x
    Xie, C. W., Ding, Y. J., Chen, C. P., et al., 2007. Study on the Chang of Koxkar Glacier during the Last 30 Years, Mt. Tuomuer, Western China. Environ. Geol. , 51(6): 1165–1170
    Yao, T. D., Liu, S. Y., Pu, J. C., et al., 2004. Recent Retreat of High Asian Glaciers and the Impact to Water Resource of Northwest China. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 47(12): 1065–1075 doi: 10.1360/03yd0256
    Yuichi, N., Hui, Z., Motoyuki, S., 2001. Estimation of Groundwater Level by GPR in an Area with Multiple Ambiguous Reflections. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 47(3–4): 241–249
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(8)  / Tables(2)

    Article Metrics

    Article views(446) PDF downloads(75) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return