Figure
1.
The location of Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield
| Citation: | Hongwei Liang, Xiaoqing Zhao, Longxin Mu, Zifei Fan, Lun Zhao, Shenghe Wu. Channel Sandstone Architecture Characterization by Seismic Simulation. Journal of Earth Science, 2019, 30(4): 799-808. doi: 10.1007/s12583-017-0971-x
|
Channel sandstone is one of the most important reservoirs in continental detrital sedimentary system basin (Liu and Xu, 2003; Xu et al., 1998). And the internal structure of the channel sandstone influences the hydrocarbon migration and water-flooding (Yu X H et al., 2004; Yu Q T, 1997). Therefore, the researches of the outcrop and modern river are carried out extensively and the results can be used to study the channel sandstone reservoir (Du et al., 2013; Tan et al., 2013; Lü et al., 2012; Diaz-Molina and Muñoz-García, 2010; Jiao et al., 2005; Ma and Yang, 2000; Meehan and Shlemon, 1993; Xue, 1991; Brice, 1974). The inner structure of channel sandstone reservoir is subdivided and summarized as a system based on the sedimentary mechanism (Cross, 2000; Miall, 1988, 1985), and the architecture characterization methods of channel sandstone reservoirs between wells are improved (Yu X H, 2012; Zhou, 2009; Wu et al., 2008; Yue et al., 2008a, 2007; Yu X H et al., 2004). Because of the wide distribution, the seismic data and technology (Lu, 2011; Wang S R et al., 2009; Ji et al., 2007; Wang J et al., 2005; Wang Y G et al., 2003) have been widely applied for channel sandstone reservoir architecture characterization. However, the previous studies are mainly focused on the predicting of the sandstone reservoir by seismic data (Zou et al., 2005). The internal structure and the mudstone interlayer distribution which influence the hydrocarbon migration in channel sandstone reservoir are rarely studied by seismic data (Yue et al., 2008b). In this paper, the channel sandstone reservoir of the Layer NmⅡ-2 of Minghuazhen Group in Qinhuangdao Oilfield is studied. The architecture characterization methods of channel sandstone reservoir between wells are summarized with the seismic data and well logging data. And the seismic predicting limitations of composited channels and single channel sandstone reservoir boundaries are confirmed. The seismic features of single channel boundaries were summarized by the seismic forward simulation. The seismic waveform features of the single channel boundaries were summarized, and the boundaries of single channel between wells were recognized. The results show that the internal structure of channel sandstone reservoir can be studied clearly by using seismic forward simulation when the main frequency of seismic data is nearly 60 Hz in the study area, which provides a much more accurate geologic mode for the research of remaining oil.
The Shijiutuo uplift belongs to the Bohai Bay Basin which is a large folded structure with many faults developed. The Shijiutuo uplift developed from Paleocene to Neocene and covered the Pretertiary uplifts (Figs. 1, 2). The Shijiutuo uplift is located in the middle of the oil-enriched sags such as Bozhong depression, Qinnan depression and Nanbao depression. The Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield is in the northwestern edge of Shijiutuo uplift. Its strata include Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary ones from bottom up. Tertiary can be divided into the Upper Tertiary and the Lower Tertiary. The Lower Tertiary has two members. The Minghuazhen Group belongs to the lower member and has 6 sand groups which are the main oil bearing layers. And the Layer 4 of Group Ⅱ is the target in this paper (NII-4). Its reservoir is sandstone and its average porosity is over 25% and its permeability is over 500 mD. Its minimum well distance is 300 m and the well distance is mainly between 400 and 500 m. Its main frequency of the 3D seismic data is about 60 Hz. And its sedimentary environment is alluvial plain and the macrofacies is the meandering channel. Since 2010, the Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield has been in the middle or high water cut stage and the reservoir architecture became one of the main influence factors of the water flooding. So, this paper will study the sandstone reservoir architecture boundaries characterization with seismic and well logging data in Layer NII-4, Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield.
According to previous studies, there are three steps in sandstone reservoir architecture characterization, which include composited channel sandstone architecture characterization, single channel sandstone architecture characterization and single channel inner sandstone architecture characterization (Wu et al., 2008). Because of the resolution limit of seismic data, this study mainly focuses on the first two steps.
There are 9 phases, namely Phase 9 to Phase 1, in the sandstone reservoir architecture characterization system from the biggest to the smallest (Miall, 1988, 1985). The composited channel sandstone is the Phase 5, and is the first step of channel sandstone architecture characterization (Wu et al., 2008). The mudstone interlayers between the composited channel sandstone are very important in the composited channel sandstone architecture characterization. However, the lateral change of the mudstone interlayer is quick because of the river erosion. The irregular distributions of the mudstone interlayers make the prediction of the mudstone interlayer between wells difficult. And the seismic waveform features of the mudstone interlayers are also irregular and it is difficult to predict the mudstone interlayers with seismic data. Therefore, this study focuses on finding a method to improve the prediction of the mudstone interlayer with seismic and well logging data.
It is difficult to identify the mudstone by seismic data when the mudstone layer is thin. So, it is very important to clarify the the criterions of mudstone interlayer seismic prediction. Based on the studies of the modern river and outcrops of the composited channel sandstone, the numeric features and morphological characters of the mudstone interlayers between composited channel sandstone are summarized. Then, the statistic of sandstone thickness and the mudstone thickness of wells are summarized. It is found that the thickness of the sandstone is mainly between 7 and 14 m with an average of 10 m, the thickness of the mudstone interlayers is mainly between 0.5 and 4 m with an average of 2 m. Based on the statistical data, the seismic forward simulation models are designed. There are 300 models with the sandstone thickness changing from 7 to 14 m by the step size 0.5 m and the mudstone interlayer thickness changing from 0.5 to 3 m by the step size 0.1 m. Meanwhile, the seismic wavelet was extracted from the seismic data of the Layer NmⅡ-2, and the impedance data was extracted from the acoustic travel-time differences and density logging data of wells in Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield. After the seismic forward simulation, it is found that the seismic waveform morphologies changed with the mudstone interlayer thickness variations.
Specifically, as the thickness of mudstone interlayers increases, the seismic waveform of mudstone interlayer shows three features in order, such as single seismic trough, narrow seismic trough and single seismic crest. And the single seismic crest can be used to predict the mudstone interlayer. The seismic simulation results show that the thicker the channel sandstone is, the thinner the mudstone interlayer between channel sandstone will have a crest in seismic waveform. After all, when the seismic data has a main frequency of 60 Hz, a 2.5 m thick mudstone with 9 m thick sandstone, a 2 m thick mudstone with 10 m thick sandstone and a 1.5 m thick mudstone with 11 m thick sandstone have a seismic crest. It can be found that the average sandstone thickness is 10 m and the average mudstone interlayer thickness is 2 m in Layer NmⅡ-2, which satisfy the seismic simulation needs. So, the mudstone interlayer can be predicted by the seismic forward simulation (Fig. 3).
The Section A10-A31-A18 is an example for composited channel vertical boundary prediction. As shown in Figs. 4a, 4b, Well A10 has one piece of sandstone. Well A18 has two pieces of sandstone. Because the mudstone interlayer between these two pieces of sandstone is thick enough, these two pieces of sandstone belong to two composite channel sandstone. Well A31 also has two pieces of sandstone, but the mudstone interlayer is too thin to judge whether these two pieces of sandstone belong to same composite channel sandstone or not. Because these two pieces of sandstone thickness of Well A31 are 9 and 10 m, and the thickness of mudstone interlayer is 2 m, the mudstone interlayer can be predicted by the seismic simulation. Therefore, two seismic simulation models are designed. One model shows that the mudstone interlayer is between two vertical overlapping composite channels. Another model shows the mudstone interlayer belongs to one composite channel. These two models are simulated with the seismic wavelet which is extracted from seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2 and the acoustic interval transit times and density logging data of Well A10, Well A31 and Well A18. The results show that the mudstone interlayer of two overlapping channel sandstone model has an obviously continuous seismic crest, which is the same as the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. And the mudstone interlayer of two overlapping channel sandstone model has no obviously continuous seismic crest, which is not likely to the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. Therefore, it can be predicted that there are two overlapping composite channel sandstones in Section A10-A31-A18.
The Section B11-B16-B21 is an example for composited channel lateral boundary prediction. As shown in Figs. 5a, 5b, Well B11 has one piece of sandstone. Well B16 has two pieces of sandstone. Because the mudstone interlayer between these two pieces of sandstone is thinner than 0.5 m, these two pieces of sandstone belong to one composite channel sandstone. Well B21 also has two pieces of sandstone, but the mudstone interlayer is not thick enough to determine whether these two pieces of sandstone belong to two different composite channel sandstones or not. Because the thickness of two pieces of sandstone of Well B11 are 10 and 8 m, and the thickness of mudstone interlayer is 4 m, the mudstone interlayer can be predicted by the seismic simulation. Therefore, two seismic simulation models are designed. The first model shows that the mudstone interlayer is between two lateral contacting composite channels, and the lower set of sandstone of Well B21 belongs to the other composite channel. The second model is that the mudstone interlayer belongs to one composite channel, and the two sets of sandstone of Well B21 belong to one composited channel.
These two models are simulated with the seismic wavelet and the impedance data. The seismic wavelet is extracted from seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. The impedance data are extracted from the acoustic interval transit times and density logging data of Well B11, Well B16 and Well B21. The simulated result shows that the first model has an obviously continuous seismic crest, which is the same as the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. And the first model has a weak discontinuous seismic crest, which is different from the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. Therefore, it can be sure that two lateral contacting composite channels are in Section B11-B16-B21.
The single channel sandstone is the Phase 4 (Miall, 1988, 1985), and is the second step of channel sandstone architecture characterization (Wu et al., 2008). The boundaries of single channel, such as the elevation distance between channel sandstone, the overbank sandstone between channels and the abandoned channel, are important to the single channel sandstone architecture characterization. Because the elevation distance between two channels is usually with two channels overlapping, it is more difficult to predict by seismic data than other two kinds of boundaries. It is very important to provide the criterions for applying seismic data in elevation distance between two channels prediction. Based on the previous studies on the modern river and outcrops of the single channel sandstone, the numeric features and morphological characters of the elevation distance between two single channels are summarized. Then, the statistic of elevation distance and channel sandstone thickness of wells are summarized. It is found that the thickness of the sandstone is mainly between 7 and 14 m with average thickness of 10 m, the elevation distances between channels are mainly between 4 and 8 m and average distance is 6 m. Based on the statistical data, the seismic forward simulation models are designed. There are 200 models with the sandstone thickness changing from 7 to 14 m by the step size 0.5 m and the elevation distance changing from 4 to 8 m by the step size 0.5 m. Meanwhile, the seismic wavelet was extracted from the seismic data of the Layer NmⅡ-2, and the impedance data was extracted from the acoustic travel-time differences and density logging data of wells. After the seismic forward simulation, it is found that the elevation distance and channel sandstone thickness variations influence the seismic waveform variations directly.
Generally, as the elevation distance increasing, the seismic waveform of mudstone interlayer has three features in order, such as single seismic trough, narrow seismic trough and two seismic troughs. And the two seismic troughs can be used to predict the elevation distance between two channels. And the seismic simulation results show that the thicker the channel sandstone is, the shorter the elevation distance between two single channels with two seismic troughs. After all, when the seismic data has a main frequency of 60 Hz, a 6 m elevation distance with 10 m thick sandstone, a 5.5 m elevation distance with 11 m thick sandstone and a 5 m elevation distance with 12 m thick sandstone having two seismic troughs. It can be found that the average sandstone thickness is 10 m and the average elevation distance is 6 m in Layer NmⅡ-2, which satisfy the seismic simulation needs. So, the elevation distance between two single channels can be predicted by the seismic forward simulation (Fig. 6).
Based on the previous studies, there are three kinds of single channel boundaries seismic simulation models, such as the elevation distance between two single channels, the overbank sandstone between two single channels and the abandoned channel, are designed. And these models are simulated with the seismic wavelet which was extracted from the seismic data of the Layer NmⅡ-2 and the impedance data which was extracted from the acoustic travel-time differences and density logging data of wells. Then, the seismic features of these boundaries are summarized (Fig. 7).
Based on the seismic simulation mentioned above, it is found that the elevation distance between two single channels usually has two seismic troughs. Because the average sandstone thickness is 10 m and the average elevation distance is 6 m in Layer NmⅡ-2, the seismic feature of elevation distance can be used to predict the boundary of single channel.
Because the overbank sandstone between two single channels is usually relatively thin, the seismic crests of two channels are usually strong and the seismic crests of overbank channels are usually weak.
Abandoned channel is usually between two single channels. The abandoned channel usually has weak seismic crests because of its mudstone channel. So, the seismic crests of two channels are usually strong and the seismic crests of abandoned channel are usually weak. But the seismic crests of abandoned channel are lower than the seismic crests of the two single channels. The unique seismic feature of abandoned channel can be used to predict the boundaries of the single channel.
There are three steps before seismic forward simulation in the prediction of single channel boundaries. First, the sandstone thickness of the wells in Layer NmⅡ-2 is counted. By the formulas calculation of previous studies (Leclair and Bridge, 2001; Bridge and Tye, 2000; Lorenz et al., 1985; Leeder, 1973; Schumm, 1972; Leopold et al., 1964), the bank full width of single channel is about 300–400 m and the width of single meandering belt is about 3 km. Second, the seismic attributes of Layer NmⅡ-2 are extracted and analyzed. And the areas with low seismic attributes value are marked. Third, these marks are linked by the guidance of the modern rivers (Fig. 8).
Taking the Section C14-C30 as an example (Fig. 9a1), its seismic features are the same as the elevation distance between two single channels. Because of the variation of the model parameters such as channel sandstone thickness, channel sandstone width, elevation distance between two single channels and so on, there are more than 100 seismic simulation models of the Section C14-C30 which are designed as the elevation distance between two single channels. After seismic stimulation, it is found that the seismic feature of Section C14-C30 is the same as the seismic data Layer NmⅡ-2. They both have two seismic crests, so the seismic simulation model can represent the sandstone reservoir distribution of Section C14-C30. Meanwhile, the existence of the elevation distance between two single channels of Section C14-C30 can be proved by the transfer speed of tracer. The transfer speed of tracer between Well C14 and Well C30 is 11.26 m/d. It is lower than the transfer speed of tracer between Well C30 and Well C15 which is 27.71 m/d. So, there is a single channel boundary between Well C30 and Well C15 (Fig. 9a2).
Taking the Section A14-B14 as an example (Fig. 9b1), its seismic features are the same as the overbank sandstone between two single channels. Because of the variation of the model parameters such as channel sandstone thickness, channel sandstone width, overbank sandstone thickness between two single channels and so on, there are more than 90 seismic simulation models of the Section A14-B14 which are designed as the overbank sandstone between two single channels. After seismic stimulation, it is found that the seismic feature of Section A14-B14 is the same as the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. Both of their seismic features have weak amplitude in middle and strong amplitude on both sides. So the seismic simulation model can represent the sandstone reservoir distribution of Section A14-B14. Meanwhile, the existence of the overbank sandstone between two single channels of Section A14-B14 can be proved by the transfer speed of tracer. The transfer speed of tracer between Well A14 and Well B14 is 28.13 m/d. It is lower than the transfer speed of tracer between Well B14 and Well B15 which is 52.86 m/d. So, there is a single channel boundary between Well A14 and Well B14 (Fig. 9b2).
Taking the Section D15-D16 as an example (Fig. 9c1), its seismic features are the same as the abandoned channels. Because of the variation of the model parameters such as channel sandstone thickness, channel sandstone width, abandoned channel size between two single channels and so on, there are more than 70 seismic simulation models of the Section D15-D16 which are designed as the abandoned channels. After seismic stimulation, it is found that the seismic feature of Section D15-D16 is the same as the seismic data of Layer NmⅡ-2. Both of their seismic features have lower seismic crest in middle and higher seismic crests on both sides. So the seismic simulation model can represent the sandstone reservoir distribution of Section D15-D16. Meanwhile, the existence of the abandoned channels of Section D15-D16 can be proved by the transfer speed of tracer. The transfer speed of tracer between Well D15 and Well D16 is 19.74 m/d. It is lower than the transfer speed of tracer between Well D11 and Well D15 which is 56.67 m/d. So, there is a single channel boundary between Well A14 and Well B14 (Fig. 9c2). Based on the study mentioned above, the single meandering river belt boundaries, such as elevation distance between two single channels, overbank sandstone between two single channels and abandoned channel are predicted by using seismic simulation method (Fig. 10).
(1) The seismic simulation prediction criterion of composited channel boundaries in Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield is summarized. Specifically, the mudstone interlayer which is thicker than 2 m could be predicted by the seismic simulation with the channel sandstone which is thicker than 10 m.
(2) The seismic simulation prediction criterion of elevation distance between two single channels in Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield is summarized. Specifically, the elevation distance between two single channels which are longer than 6 m could be predicted by the seismic simulation with the channel sandstone which is thicker than 10 m.
(3) The seismic features of the single channel boundaries, such as the elevation distance between two single channels, the overbank sandstone between two single channels and the abandoned channel, is summarized.
(4) The single meandering river belt boundary in Layer NmⅡ-2 is predicted by seismic simulation in Qinhuangdao 32-6 Oilfield by using the seismic simulation. And there are three single channels in study area.
This work was supported by the China National Petroleum Corporation Major Project (No. 2011E2506). We are grateful to the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0971-x.
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Hongwei Liang, Xiaoqing Zhao, Longxin Mu, Zifei Fan, Lun Zhao, Shenghe Wu. Channel Sandstone Architecture Characterization by Seismic Simulation. Journal of Earth Science, 2019, 30(4): 799-808. doi: 10.1007/s12583-017-0971-x
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