Rutile in HP Rocks from the Western Tianshan, China: Mineralogy and Its Economic Implications

Wen Su; Jilei Li; Qian Mao; Jun Gao; Xin Liu; Fei Chen; Xiao-Mei Ge

doi:10.1007/s12583-018-0848-7

Volume 29 Issue 5

Oct 2018

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Journal of Earth Science > 2018 > 29(5): 1049-1059.

Wen Su, Jilei Li, Qian Mao, Jun Gao, Xin Liu, Fei Chen, Xiao-Mei Ge. Rutile in HP Rocks from the Western Tianshan, China: Mineralogy and Its Economic Implications. Journal of Earth Science, 2018, 29(5): 1049-1059. doi: 10.1007/s12583-018-0848-7

Citation:

Wen Su, Jilei Li, Qian Mao, Jun Gao, Xin Liu, Fei Chen, Xiao-Mei Ge. Rutile in HP Rocks from the Western Tianshan, China: Mineralogy and Its Economic Implications. Journal of Earth Science, 2018, 29(5): 1049-1059. doi: 10.1007/s12583-018-0848-7

Citation:

PDF( 30393 KB)

Rutile in HP Rocks from the Western Tianshan, China: Mineralogy and Its Economic Implications

doi: 10.1007/s12583-018-0848-7

Wen Su^{1
,
,},
Jilei Li²,
Qian Mao¹,
Jun Gao²,
Xin Liu³,
Fei Chen¹,
Xiao-Mei Ge¹

1.
State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3.
Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, Beijing 100012, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Wen Su
Received Date: 26 May 2018
Accepted Date: 27 Jun 2018
Publish Date: 01 Oct 2018

Abstract

Abstract

Rutile is a common Ti-bearing accessory mineral in high pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks of the western Tianshan. Distribution of rutile in the HP rocks varies from 0.5% in the greenschist to 30% in the rutile-bearing vein. Rutile can be subdivided into three groups based on the variation of trace elements:The first group has an averaged Zr content of 18 ppm-44 ppm and Hf content of 0.8 ppm-2.4 ppm, which correspond to occurrence of rutile from vein; the second group Zr of 59 ppm-63 ppm, Hf of 3.5 ppm-3.7 ppm; and the third group Zr of 150 ppm-160 ppm and Hf of 3.9 ppm, corresponding to rutile in the matrix of blueschist and eclogite, respectively. Rutile has been retrograded to ilmenite and titanite partly or completely, reducing the value of the ore. But rutile of HP rocks in the western Tianshan usually has the lowest content of uranium (< 1 ppm U), which might become an attractive raw material for the Ti industry. Therefore, rutile-bearing HP rocks in the western Tianshan as a mineral resource will be the focus of considerable attention.
- Ti resource,
- rutile,
- HP vein,
- eclogite,
- western Tianshan

FullText(HTML)

References(56)

References

Ayers, J. C., Watson, E. B., 1993. Rutile Solubility and Mobility in Supercritical Aqueous Fluids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114(3):321-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01046535

Barksdale, J., 1966. Titanium:Its Occurrence, Chemistry and Technology:Second Edition. The Ronald Press Company, New York

Bright, E., Readey, D. W., 1987. Dissolution Kinetics of TiO₂ in HF-HC1 Solutions. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 70(12):900-906. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb04914.x

Cherniak, D. J., Manchester, J., Watson, E. B., 2007. Zr and Hf Diffusion in Rutile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 261(1/2):267-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.027

Force, E., 1991. Geology of Titanium-Mineral Deposits. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 259:112 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dzxb-e201106016

Frey, F. A., Wise, W. S., Garcia, M. O., et al., 1990. Evolution of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii:Petrologic and Geochemical Constraints on Postshield Volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(B2):1271. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb095ib02p01271

Gambogi, J., 2011. Titanium and Titanium Dioxide, Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. 195

Gambogi, J., 2016. Titanium, 2015 Minerals Yearbook. US Geological Survey, Washington DC. 176-178

Gao, J., He, G. Q., Li, M. S., et al., 1995. The Mineralogy, Petrology, Metamorphic PTDt Trajectory and Exhumation Mechanism of Blueschists, South Tianshan, Northwestern China. Tectonophysics, 250(1/2/3):151-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00026-6

Gao, J., John, T., Klemd, R., et al., 2007. Mobilization of Ti-Nb-Ta during Subduction:Evidence from Rutile-Bearing Dehydration Segregations and Veins Hosted in Eclogite, Tianshan, NW China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(20):4974-4996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.07.027

Gao, J., Klemd, R., 2001. Primary Fluids Entrapped at Blueschist to Eclogite Transition:Evidence from the Tianshan Meta-Subduction Complex in Northwestern China. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100100275

Gao, J., Klemd, R., 2003. Formation of HP-LT Rocks and Their Tectonic Implications in the Western Tianshan Orogen, NW China:Geochemical and Age Constraints. Lithos, 66(1/2):1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(02)00153-6

Gao, J., Klemd, R., Qian, Q., et al., 2011. The Collision between the Yili and Tarim Blocks of the Southwestern Altaids:Geochemical and Age Constraints of a Leucogranite Dike Crosscutting the HP-LT Metamorphic Belt in the Chinese Tianshan Orogen. Tectonophysics, 499(1/2/3/4):118-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.001

Gao, J., Klemd, R., Zhang, L., et al., 1999. P-T Path of High-Pressure/Low-Temperature Rocks and Tectonic Implications in the Western Tianshan Mountains, NW China. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 17(6):621-636. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.1999.00219.x

Gázquez, M. J., Bolívar, J. P., Garcia-Tenorio, R., et al., 2014. A Review of the Production Cycle of Titanium Dioxide Pigment. Materials Sciences and Applications, 5(7):441-458. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2014.57048

Hooper, P. R., Hawkesworth, C. J., 1993. Isotopic and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of the Columbia River Basalt. Journal of Petrology, 34(6):1203-1246. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.6.1203

John, T., Klemd, R., Gao, J., et al., 2008. Trace-Element Mobilization in Slabs due to non Steady-State Fluid-Rock Interaction:Constraints from an Eclogite-Facies Transport Vein in Blueschist (Tianshan, China). Lithos, 103(1/2):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.005

Klemd, R., Schröter, F. C., Will, T. M., et al., 2002. P-T Evolution of Glaucophane-Omphacite Bearing HP-LT Rocks in the Western Tianshan Orogen, NW China:New Evidence for 'Alpine-Type' Tectonics. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20(2):239-254. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00347.x

Knittel, D., 1983. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. In: Grayson, M., ed., 3rd Edition. Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 23. John Wiley and Sons. 98-130

Korneliussen, A., 1995. Rutile Associated with Eclogites in Western Norway and Scapolitized Gabbros in Southern Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, 427:112-115 doi: 10.1007%2FBF00403755

Korneliussen, A., Erambert, M., McLimans, R., et al., 1999. Ti/Fe-Ti Oxides at Different Metamorphic Stages in the Sunnfjord Region, W. Norway: Implications for the Genesis of Rutile (Eclogite) Ore Deposits. In: Stanley, C. J., ed., Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Balkema, Rotterdam. 1105-1108

Korneliussen, A., Foslie, G., 1985. Rutile-Bearing Eclogites in the Sunnfjord Region of Western Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, 402:65-71 doi: 10.1007%2Fs00710-006-0145-5

Korneliussen, A., McEnroe, A. S., Nilsson, L. P., et al., 2000. An Overview of Titanium Deposits in Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, 436:27-38

Leeman, W. P., Vitaliano, C. J., Prinz, M., 1976. Evolved Lavas from the Snake River Plain:Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 56(1):35-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00375420

Li, J. L., Gao, J., John, T., et al., 2013. Fluid-Mediated Metal Transport in Subduction Zones and Its Link to Arc-Related Giant Ore Deposits:Constraints from a Sulfide-Bearing HP Vein in Lawsonite Eclogite (Tianshan, China). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 120:326-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.023

Li, J. L., Gao, J., Wang, X. S., 2016a. A Subduction Channel Model for Exhumation of Oceanic-Type High-Pressure to Ultrahigh-Pressure Eclogite-Facies Metamorphic Rocks in SW Tianshan, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 59(12):2339-2354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5103-7

Li, J. L., Gao, J., Klemd, R., et al., 2016b. Redox Processes in Subducting Oceanic Crust Recorded by Sulfide-Bearing High-Pressure Rocks and Veins (SW Tianshan, China). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 171(8/9):72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-016-1284-2

Li, Q. L., Lin, W., Su, W., et al., 2011. SIMS U-Pb Rutile Age of Low-Temperature Eclogites from Southwestern Chinese Tianshan, NW China. Lithos, 122(1/2):76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.11.007

Liu, X., Su, W., Gao, J., et al., 2014. Paleozoic Subduction Erosion Involving Accretionary Wedge Sediments in the South Tianshan Orogen:Evidence from Geochronological and Geochemical Studies on Eclogites and Their Host Metasediments. Lithos, 210/211:89-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.09.017

Lü, Z., Zhang, L., Du, J., et al., 2009. Petrology of Coesite-Bearing Eclogite from Habutengsu Valley, Western Tianshan, NW China and Its Tectonometamorphic Implication. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 27(9):773-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2009.00845.x

Malaspina, N., Hermann, J., Scambelluri, M., et al., 2006. Multistage Metasomatism in Ultrahigh-Pressure Mafic Rocks from the North Dabie Complex (China). Lithos, 90(1/2):19-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.01.002

McLimans, R. K., Rogers, W. T., Korneliussen, A., et al., 1999. Norwegian Eclogite: An Ore of Titanium. In: Stanley, C. J., eds., Mineral Deposits. Processes to Processing. Balkema, Rotterdam. 1125-1127

Meinhold, G., 2010. Rutile and Its Applications in Earth Sciences. Earth-Science Reviews, 102:1-28 doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.001

Meinhold, G., Anders, B., Kostopoulos, D., et al., 2008. Rutile Chemistry and Thermometry as Provenance Indicator:An Example from Chios Island, Greece. Sedimentary Geology, 203(1/2):98-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.11.004

Minkler, W. W., Baroch, E. F., 1981. The Production of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium. In: Tien, J. K., Elliott, J. F., eds., Metallurgical Treatises. AIME. 171-189

Molina, J. F., Poli, S., Austrheim, H., et al., 2004. Eclogite-Facies Vein Systems in the Marun-Keu Complex (Polar Urals, Russia):Textural, Chemical and Thermal Constraints for Patterns of Fluid Flow in the Lower Crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147(4):484-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0569-z

Rapp, J. F., Klemme, S., Butler, I. B., et al., 2010. Extremely High Solubility of Rutile in Chloride and Fluoride-Bearing Metamorphic Fluids:An Experimental Investigation. Geology, 38(4):323-326. https://doi.org/10.1130/g30753.1

Rhee, K. I., Sohn, H. Y., 1990. The Selective Chlorination of Iron from Ilmenite Ore by CO-Cl₂ Mixtures:Part I. Intrinsic Kinetics. Metallurgical Transactions B, 21(2):321-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02664200

Rudnick, R. L., Fountain, D. M., 1995. Nature and Composition of the Continental Crust:A Lower Crustal Perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 33(3):267-309. https://doi.org/10.1029/95rg01302

Smythe, D. J., Schulze, D. J., Brenan, J. M., 2008. Rutile as a Kimberlite Indicator Mineral:Minor and Trace Element Geochemistry. 9th International Kimberlite Conference, August 10-15, 2008, Frankfurt. Extended Abstract, No. 9IKC-A-00193 https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geea

Sobolev, N. V., Dobretsov, N. L., Bakirov, A. B., et al., 1986. Eclogites from Various Types of Metamorphic Complexes in the USSR the Problems of Their Origin. In: Evans, B. E., Brown, E. H., eds., Blueschists Eclogites, Boulder. Geological Society of America Memoirs, 164: 349-363

Su, W., Gao, J., Klemd, R., et al., 2010. U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of Tianshan Eclogites in NW China:Implication for the Collision between the Yili and Tarim Blocks of the Southwestern Altaids. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22(4):473-478. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2040

Su, W., Zhang, M., Redfern, S. A. T., et al., 2009. OH in Zoned Amphiboles of Eclogite from the Western Tianshan, NW-China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98(6):1299-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0379-z

Tagiri, M., Yano, T., Bakirov, A., et al., 1995. Mineral Parageneses and Metamorphic P-T Paths of Ultrahigh-Pressure Eclogites from Kyrghyzstan Tien-Shan. The Island Arc, 4(4):280-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.1995.tb00150.x

Tao, R. B., Zhang, L. F., Stagno, V., et al., 2017. High-Pressure Experimental Verification of Rutile-Ilmenite Oxybarometer:Implications for the Redox State of the Subduction Zone. Science China Earth Sciences, 60(10):1817-1825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9082-5

Triebold, S., von Eynatten, H., Luvizotto, G. L., et al., 2007. Deducing Source Rock Lithology from Detrital Rutile Geochemistry:An Example from the Erzgebirge, Germany. Chemical Geology, 244(3/4):421-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.033

Van Baalen, M. R., 1993. Titanium Mobility in Metamorphic Systems:A Review. Chemical Geology, 110(1/2/3):233-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90256-i

Volkova, N. I., Budanov, V. I., 1999. Geochemical Discrimination of Metabasalt Rocks of the Fan-Karategin Transitional Blueschist/Greenschist Belt, South Tianshan, Tajikistan:Seamount Volcanism and Accretionary Tectonics. Lithos, 47(3/4):201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(99)00019-5

Watson, E. B., Wark, D. A., Thomas, J. B., 2006. Crystallization Thermometers for Zircon and Rutile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 151(4):413-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0068-5

Wei, C. J., Powell, R., Zhang, L. F., 2003. Eclogites from the South Tianshan, NW China:Petrological Characteristic and Calculated Mineral Equilibria in the Na₂O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O System. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 21(2):163-179. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00435.x

Whitehead, J., 1983. Titanium Compounds (Inorganic). In: Grayson, M., ed., 3rd edition. Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 23. John Wiley and Sons. 131-176

Xiao, Y. L., Sun, W. D., Hoefs, J., et al., 2006. Making Continental Crust through Slab Melting:Constraints from Niobium-Tantalum Fractionation in UHP Metamorphic Rutile. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(18):4770-4782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.010

Yang, H. J., Frey, F. A., Weis, D., et al., 1998. Petrogenesis of the Flood Basalts Forming the Northern Kerguelen Archipelago:Implications for the Kerguelen Plume. Journal of Petrology, 39(4):711-748. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.4.711

Zack, T., Moraes, R., Kronz, A., 2004. Temperature Dependence of Zr in Rutile:Empirical Calibration of a Rutile Thermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148(4):471-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0617-8

Zhang, L. F., Ellis, D. J., Jiang, W. B., 2002. Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism in Western Tianshan, China:Part I. Evidence from Inclusions of Coesite Pseudomorphs in Garnet and from Quartz Exsolution Lamellae in Omphacite in Eclogites. American Mineralogist, 87(7):853-860. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-0707

Zhang, L. F., Song, S. G., Liou, J. G., et al., 2005. Relict Coesite Exsolution in Omphacite from Western Tianshan Eclogites, China. American Mineralogist, 90(1):181-186. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1587

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views