| Citation: | Ibrahem Yousef, Vladimir Morozov, Vladislav Sudakov, Ilyas Idrisov. Microfracture Characterization in Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study from the Upper Triassic of Syria's Euphrates Graben. Journal of Earth Science, 2022, 33(4): 901-915. doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1488-x
|
The Euphrates Graben is located in eastern Syria. The Upper Triassic Mulussa F Formation sandstones serve as the primary reservoir intervals in the majority of the graben fields. The study's findings were based on core studies: petrographic examination of thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM), imaging of backscatter scanning electron microscope (BSE), X-ray microprobe examinations, and carbon-oxygen stable isotope analysis of microfracture-filling cements. Three of the most common types of microfracture found in the investigated sandstones are intragranular or intracrystalline microfractures, grain boundary or grain-edge microfractures, and transgranular (crossing grains) microfractures. Sandstone microfractures that are open and free of secondary mineralization improve sandstone storage and permeability. However, microfractures that are cemented and filled with secondary mineralization reduce storage and permeability. Common siderite and pyrite cements were identified within the microfractures and the nearby sandstone matrix. Larger anhedral or euhedral siderites are thought to form during shallow burial diagenesis, whereas poikilotopic siderites are thought to form during deep burial diagenesis. Poikilotopic pyrite is believed to be a diagenetic cement, which is attributed to the reduction of iron oxides present in the sediments in the presence of hydrocarbons. Microfractures reflect tectonic, overpressure, and diagenetic origins. Microfractures of tectonic origin are associated with folding and thrust activities over the Euphrates Graben area, and they were formed at the beginning of the Upper Triassic with siderite and pyrite cement equilibration temperatures of approximately 100–105 ℃, and they continued forming from the middle to the end of the Upper Triassic with cement equilibration temperatures of approximately 90–100 ℃ in conjunction with the first phase of the Euphrates Graben. Microfractures related to diagenetic and overpressure processes are tension microfractures and were formed in compression settings during the Upper Triassic.
| Ameen, M. S., Hailwood, E. A., 2008. A New Technology for the Characterization of Microfractured Reservoirs (Test Case: Unayzah Reservoir, Wudayhi Field, Saudi Arabia). AAPG Bulletin, 92(1): 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1306/08200706090 |
| Anders, M. H., Laubach, S. E., Scholz, C. H., 2014. Microfractures: A Review. Journal of Structural Geology, 69: 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.05.011 |
| Baker, J. C., Kassan, J., Hamilton, P. J., 1996. Early Diagenetic Siderite as an Indicator of Depositional Environment in the Triassic Rewan Group, Southern Bowen Basin, Eastern Australia. Sedimentology, 43(1): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb01461.x |
| Barrier, E., Machlour, L., Blaizot, M., 2014. Chapter 11: Petroleum Systems of Syria. In: Marlow, L., Kendall, C., Yose, L., Eds., Petroleum Systems of the Tethyan Region. AAPG Memoir, 106: 335–378. https://doi.org/10.1036/13431862m1063612 |
| Batzle, M. L., Simmons, G., Siegfried, R. W., 1980. Microcrack Closure in Rocks under Stress: Direct Observation. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 85(B12): 7072–7090. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib12p07072 |
| Bisdom, K., Bertotti, G., Nick, H. M., 2016. The Impact of in-situ Stress and Outcrop-Based Fracture Geometry on Hydraulic Aperture and Upscaled Permeability in Fractured Reservoirs. Tectonophysics, 690: 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.006 |
| Brew, G., Barazangi, M., Sawaf, T., et al., 2000. Tectonic Map and Geologic Evolution of Syria: The Role of GIS. The Leading Edge, 19(2): 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438571 |
| Hooker, J. N., Laubach, S. E., Marrett, R., 2013. Fracture-Aperture Size—Frequency, Spatial Distribution, and Growth Processes in Strata-Bounded and Non-Strata-Bounded Fractures, Cambrian Mesón Group, NW Argentina. Journal of Structural Geology, 54: 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.06.011 |
| Ibrahem, Y., Morozov, V. P., Sudakov, V., 2021a. Dolomitization of the Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Reservoir in the Euphrates Graben, Syria. Petroleum Science, 18(5): 1342–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.020 |
| Ibrahem, Y., Morozov, V. P., El Kadi, M., et al., 2021b. Porosity Enhancement Potential through Dolomitization of Carbonate Reservoirs, a Case of Study from the Euphrates Graben Fields, East Syria. Petroleum, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2021.05.005 |
| Ibrahem, Y., Morozov, V. P., Sudakov, V., et al., 2022. Sedimentary Diagenesis and Pore Characteristics for the Reservoir Evaluation of Domanik Formations (Semiluksk and Mendymsk) in the Central Part of Volga-Ural Petroleum Province. Petroleum Research, 7(1): 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.08.002 |
| Ju, W., Wu, C. F., Wang, K., et al., 2017. Prediction of Tectonic Fractures in Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Es3m Reservoir in the Block Shishen 100 and Adjacent Regions, Dongying Depression. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 156: 884–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.06.068 |
| Kalliokoski, J., 1966. Diagenetic Pyritization in Three Sedimentary Rocks. Economic Geology, 61(5): 872–885. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.61.5.872 |
| Kranz, R. L., 1983. Microcracks in Rocks: A Review. Tectonophysics, 100(1/2/3): 449–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90198-1 |
| Litak, R. K., Barazangi, M., Beauchamp, W., et al., 1997. Mesozoic–Cenozoic Evolution of the Intraplate Euphrates Fault System, Syria: Implications for Regional Tectonics. Journal of the Geological Society, 154(4): 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0653 |
| Litak, R. K., Barazangi, M., Brew, G., et al., 1998. Structure and Evolution of the Petroliferous Euphrates Graben System, Southeast Syria. AAPG Bulletin, 82(6): 1173–1190. https://doi.org/10.1306/1d9bca2f-172d-11d7-8645000102c1865d |
| McBride, E. F, 1963. A Classification of Common Sandstones. SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, 33(3): 664–669. https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70ee8-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d |
| Morad, S., 1998. Carbonate Cementation in Sandstones: Distribution Patterns and Geochemical Evolution. Carbonate Cementation in Sandstones. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304893.ch1 |
| Morad, S., Al-Ramadan, K., Ketzer, J. M., et al., 2010. The Impact of Diagenesis on the Heterogeneity of Sandstone Reservoirs: A Review of the Role of Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy. AAPG Bulletin, 94(8): 1267–1309. https://doi.org/10.1306/04211009178 |
| Mozley, P. S., 1989. Relation between Depositional Environment and the Elemental Composition of Early Diagenetic Siderite. Geology, 17(8): 704–706. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)0170704:rbdeat>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)0170704:rbdeat>2.3.co;2 |
| Mozley, P. S., Wersin, P., 1992. Isotopic Composition of Siderite as an Indicator of Depositional Environment. Geology, 20(9): 817–820. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)0200817:icosaa>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)0200817:icosaa>2.3.co;2 |
| Padovani, E. R., Shirey, S. B., Simmons, G., 1982. Characteristics of Microcracks in Amphibolite and Granulite Facies Grade Rocks from Southeastern Pennsylvania. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 87(B10): 8605–8630. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB10p08605 |
| Raiswell, R., 1982. Pyrite Texture, Isotopic Composition and the Availability of Iron. American Journal of Science, 282(8): 1244–1263. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.282.8.1244 |
| Simmons, G., Richter, D., 1976. Microcracks in Rock. In: Strens, R. G. J., Ed., The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. Wiley, New York. 105–137 |
| Shu, L., Shen, K., Yang, R. C., et al., 2020. SEM-CL Study of Quartz Containing Fluid Inclusions in Wangjiazhuang Porphyry Copper (-Molybdenum) Deposit, Western Shandong, China. Journal of Earth Science, 31(2): 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-019-1025-3 |
| Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC), 1981. On the Status of Hydrocarbon Exploration in Syrian Arab Republic during 1971–1980. Hydrocarbon Exploration Seminar. Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Kuwait. 91–121 |
| Wilson, J. E., Chester, J. S., Chester, F. M., 2003. Microfracture Analysis of Fault Growth and Wear Processes, Punchbowl Fault, San Andreas System, California. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(11): 1855–1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00036-1 |
| Yousef, I., Morozov, V., 2017a. Characteristics of Upper Triasic Sandstone Reservoirs in Syria Using Analysis of Laboratory Methods. Georesursy, 19(4): 356–363. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.19.4.8 |
| Yousef, I., Morozov, V., 2017b. Structural and Mineralogical Characteristics of the Clay Minerals in Upper Triassic Sandstone Reservoir, Euphrates Graben, East Syria. Neftyanoe Khozyaystvo, (8): 68–71. https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2017-8-68-71 |
| Yousef, I., Morozov, V., El Kadi, M., 2020. Influence and Control of Post-Sedimentation Changes on Sandstone Reservoirs Quality, Example, Upper Triassic (Mulussa F Reservoir), and Lower Cretaceous (Rutbah Reservoir), Euphrates Graben, Syria. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(2): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2205/2020es000706 |
| Yousef, I., Morozov, V., Sudakov, V., et al., 2021a. Cementation Characteristics and Their Effect on Quality of the Upper Triassic, the Lower Cretaceous, and the Upper Cretaceous Sandstone Reservoirs, Euphrates Graben, Syria. Journal of Earth Science, 32(6): 1545–1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1065-8 |
| Yousef, I., Morozov, V., El Kadi, M., et al., 2021b. Tectonic and Erosion Features, and Their Influence on Zonal Distribution of the Upper Triassic and the Lower Cretaceous Sediments in the Euphrates Graben Area, Syria. Geodynamics and Tectonophysics 12(3): 608–627. https://doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-3-054 |
| Yousef, I., Shipaeva, M., Morozov, V., et al., 2019. Lithofacies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the Upper Triassic and Lower Cretaceous Sediments in Euphrates Graben Syria. 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. 279–286. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.1 |
| Yousef, I., Sudakov, V., Morozov, V., et al., 2018a. Diagenetic Clay Minerals and Reservoir Quality of the Upper Triassic Sandstone in Euphrates Graben, East of Syria. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM 18(1.4). 397–404. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.4/s06.052 |
| Yousef, I., Sudakov, V., Morozov, V., et al., 2018b. Structural Setting and Zonal Distribution of Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous Reservoirs in the Syrian Euphrates Graben. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM, 18(1.4). 811–818. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.4 |
| Zuo, J. X., Peng, S. C., Qi, Y. P., et al., 2018. Carbon-Isotope Excursions Recorded in the Cambrian System, South China: Implications for Mass Extinctions and Sea-Level Fluctuations. Journal of Earth Science, 29(3): 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0963-x |
Figures(12) / Tables(1)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
