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Volume 32 Issue 6
Dec 2021
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Journal of Earth Science  > 2021  >  32(6): 1332-1358.
Kathryn M. Goodenough, Eimear A. Deady, Charles D. Beard, Sam Broom-Fendley, Holly A. L. Elliott, Frederick van den Berg, Hüseyin Öztürk. Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements. Journal of Earth Science, 2021, 32(6): 1332-1358. doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1500-5
Citation: Kathryn M. Goodenough, Eimear A. Deady, Charles D. Beard, Sam Broom-Fendley, Holly A. L. Elliott, Frederick van den Berg, Hüseyin Öztürk. Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements. Journal of Earth Science, 2021, 32(6): 1332-1358. doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1500-5
shu

Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements

doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1500-5
  • 1.

    British Geological Survey, the Lyell Centre, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK

  • 2.

    Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38610 Gières, France

  • 3.

    Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK

  • 4.

    School of Environmental Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK

  • 5.

    Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar Campus, 34320 Avcılar Istanbul, Turkey

More Information
  • Corresponding author: Kathryn M. Goodenough, kmgo@bgs.ac.uk
  • Received Date: 19 Dec 2020
  • Accepted Date: 22 Jun 2021
  • Publish Date: 30 Dec 2021
    Abstract
  • The rare earth elements (REE) are critical raw materials for much of modern technology, particularly renewable energy infrastructure and electric vehicles that are vital for the energy transition. Many of the world's largest REE deposits occur in alkaline rocks and carbonatites, which are found in intracontinental, rift-related settings, and also in syn-to post-collisional settings. Post-collisional settings host significant REE deposits, such as those of the Mianning-Dechang belt in China. This paper reviews REE mineralization in syn-to post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes worldwide, in order to demonstrate some of the key physical and chemical features of these deposits. We use three examples, in Scotland, Namibia, and Turkey, to illustrate the structure of these systems. We review published geochemical data and use these to build up a broad model for the REE mineral system in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes. It is evident that immiscibility of carbonate-rich magmas and fluids plays an important part in generating mineralization in these settings, with REE, Ba and F partitioning into the carbonate-rich phase. The most significant REE mineralization in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes occurs in shallow-level, carbothermal or carbonatite intrusions, but deeper carbonatite bodies and associated alteration zones may also have REE enrichment.

     

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