Citation: | Shiju Liu, Gang Gao, Wenzhe Gang, Baoli Xiang, Ming Wang, Chengyun Wang. Comparison of Formation Conditions of Source Rocks of Fengcheng and Lucaogou Formations in the Junggar Basin, NW China: Implications for Organic Matter Enrichment and Hydrocarbon Potential. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(4): 1026-1040. doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1566-0 |
Shales in the Carboniferous–Permian Fengcheng (FC) and Lucaogou (LCG) formations in Junggar Basin are important organic rich rocks containing significant oil resources. To evaluate the difference in sedimentary environment conditions and hydrocarbon-generating potential between the FC and LCG formations. Total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, solvent extraction, column fractionation, stable carbon isotope, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of saturated hydrocarbons and organic petrology from the source rocks of FC and LCG formations. were analyzed. The biomarker composition indicates that during the deposition of FC, LCG-1 to LCG-2, the sedimentary environment for the source rock formations changed with gradual decrease of salinity, from anoxic to dyoxic/suboxic in redox conditions, and from strong stratification to weakened stratification of water. The FC Formation source rock, with main telalginite (planktonic green algae), archaebacteria and minor terrestrial organic matter, deposited in the environment characterized by high salinity and strongly reducing condition. Its TOC content is relatively low with a high original hydrocarbon-generating potential of unit organic material. The LCG Formation source rock deposited in the environment with low salinity and large variations, the organic matter is mainly sourced from telalginite (planktonic green algae), lamalginite, bacteria and higher plants, resulting in strong heterogeneity of the source rock. The abundance of TOC is high, but the original hydrocarbon generation potential of unit organic matter is lower than that of FC Formation. The results provide a geochemical basis for further study of saline-brackish water sedimentary environment shales in the Junggar Basin.
Borjigen, T., Qin, J. Z., Fu, X. D., et al., 2014. Marine Hydrocarbon Source Rocks of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation and Their Contribution to Gas Accumulation in the Northeastern Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 57: 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.005 |
Brassell, S. C., Wardroper, A. M. K., Thomson, I. D., et al., 1981. Specific Acyclic Isoprenoids as Biological Markers of Methanogenic Bacteria in Marine Sediments. Nature, 290(5808): 693–696. https://doi.org/10.1038/290693a0 |
Bray, E. E., Evans, E. D., 1961. Distribution of n-Paraffins as a Clue to Recognition of Source Beds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 22(1): 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(61)90069-2 |
Cao, J., Xia, L. W., Wang, T. T., et al., 2020. An Alkaline Lake in the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA): A Review and New Insights into Paleoenvironment and Petroleum Geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 202: 103091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103091 |
Che, C. B., Zhu, J., Li, F. B., et al., 2010. The Status Quo and Developing Trend of Global Hydrocarbon Resources. Natural Gas Industry, 30(1): 1–4, 133 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Chen, J. P., Deng, C. P., Song, F. Q., et al., 2007. Mathematical Calculating Model Using Biomarkers to Quantitatively Determine Relative Source Proportion of Mixed Oils. Geochimica, 36(2): 205–214. https://doi.org/10.19700/j.0379-1726.2007.02.011 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Cheng, K. M., 1994. Oil and Gas Generation of Tuha Basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing (in Chinese) |
Connan, J., Cassou, A. M., 1980. Properties of Gases and Petroleum Liquids Derived from Terrestrial Kerogen at Various Maturation Levels. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90173-8 |
Ding, X. J., Qu, J. X., Imin, A., et al., 2019. Organic Matter Origin and Accumulation in Tuffaceous Shale of the Lower Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 179: 696–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.05.004 |
Duan, Y., Peng, D. H., Zhang, X. B., et al., 2003. Main Controlling Factors and Genetic Types of Carbon Isotopic Compositions for Crude Oils from the Qaidam Basin, China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 21(2): 355–359 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2003.02.027 |
Gao, G., Liu, X. Y., Wang, Y. H., et al., 2013. Characteristics and Resource Potential of the Oil Shale of Chang 7 Layer in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 20(2): 140–146 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Gao, G., Yang, S. R., Ren, J. L., et al., 2018. Geochemistry and Depositional Conditions of the Carbonate-Bearing Lacustrine Source Rocks: A Case Study from the Early Permian Fengcheng Formation of Well FN7 in the Northwestern Junggar Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 162: 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.12.065 |
Gao, G., Zhang, W. W., Xiang, B. L., et al., 2016. Geochemistry Characteristics and Hydrocarbon-Generating Potential of Lacustrine Source Rock in Lucaogou Formation of the Jimusaer Sag, Junggar Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 145: 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.03.023 |
George, S. C., Ruble, T. E., Dutkiewicz, A., et al., 2001. Assessing the Maturity of Oil Trapped in Fluid Inclusions Using Molecular Geochemistry Data and Visually-Determined Fluorescence Colours. Applied Geochemistry, 16(4): 451–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00051-2 |
Ghanizadeh, A., Clarkson, C. R., Aquino, S., et al., 2015. Petrophysical and Geomechanical Characteristics of Canadian Tight Oil and Liquid-Rich Gas Reservoirs: I. Pore Network and Permeability Characterization. Fuel, 153: 664–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.020 |
Guo, J. Y., Li, Z. M., 2009. Study of Gas Source and Characteristics of Carboniferous Hydrocarbon Source Rock in the Junggar Basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 31(3): 275–281 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2009.03.013 |
Hackley, P. C., Fishman, N., Wu, T., et al., 2016. Organic Petrology and Geochemistry of Mudrocks from the Lacustrine Lucaogou Formation, Santanghu Basin, Northwest China: Application to Lake Basin Evolution. International Journal of Coal Geology, 168: 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.05.011 |
Hall, P. B., Douglas, A. G., 1981. The Distribution of Cyclic Alkanes in Two Lacstrine Deposits. Hjoray, M., Albrecht, C., Cornford, C., et al., Advances in Organic Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 576–587 |
Huang, D. F., Li, J. C., Gu, X. Z., 1984. Evolution and Hydrocarbon-Generating Mechanism of Terrigenous Organic Matter. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing |
Jarvie, D. M., 2010. Unconventional Oil Petroleum Systems: Shales and Shale Hybrids. AAPG Conference and Exhibition, September 12–15, 2010, Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
Jarvie, D. M., 2012. Shale Resource Systems for Oil and Gas: Part 1. Shale-Gas Resource Systems. In: Breyer, J. A., ed., Shale Reservoirs—Giant Resources for the 21st Century. AAPG Memoir, 97: 89–119. |
Jiang, Y. Q., Liu, Y. Q., Yang, Z., et al., 2015. Characteristics and Origin of Tuff-Type Tight Oil in Jimusar Depression, Junggar Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(6): 741–749 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Jiang, Z. S., Fowler, M. G., 1986. Carotenoid-Derived Alkanes in Oils from Northwestern China. Organic Geochemistry, 10(4/5/6): 831–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80020-1 |
Yin, J., Hao, F., Wang, Z. Q., et al., 2020. Lacustrine Conditions Control on the Distribution of Organic-Rich Source Rocks: An Instance Analysis of the Lower 1st Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Raoyang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 78: 103320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103320 |
Jin, Q., Zhu, G. Y., Wang, J., 2008. Deposition and Distribution of High-Potential Source Rocks in Saline Lacustrine Environments. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 32(4): 19–23 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Kates, M., 1977. The Phytanyl Ether-Linked Polar Lipids and Isoprenoid Neutral Lipids of Extremely Halophilic Bacteria. Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids, 15(4): 301–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6832(77)90011-8 |
Kuang, J., Liu, D. G., Chen, X. F., 1999. Natural Gas Reservoir Formation and Exploration Directions in Junggar Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 4: 28–32 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Kuang, L. C., Hu, W., Wang, X., et al., 2013. Research of the Tight Oil Reservoir in the LCG Formation in Jimusaer Sag: Analysis of Lithology and Porosity Characteristics. Geology Journal of China University, 19: 529–535 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Kuang, L. C., Tang, Y., Lei, D. W., et al., 2012. Formation Conditions and Exploration Potential of Tight Oil in the Permian Saline Lacustrine Dolomitic Rock, Junggar Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(6): 700–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60095-0 |
Kuhn, P. P., di Primio, R., Hill, R., et al., 2012. Three-Dimensional Modeling Study of the Low-Permeability Petroleum System of the Bakken Formation. AAPG Bulletin, 96(10): 1867–1897. https://doi.org/10.1306/03261211063 |
Li, Y., Cao, D. Y., Wu, P., et al., 2017. Variation in Maceral Composition and Gas Content with Vitrinite Reflectance in Bituminous Coal of the Eastern Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 149: 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.10.018 |
Li, Y., Wang, Z. S., Gan, Q., et al., 2019a. Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Organic Matter Accumulation in Upper Paleozoic Organic-Rich Rocks in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China. Fuel, 252: 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.095 |
Li, Y., Wang, Z. S., Wu, P., et al., 2019b. Organic Geochemistry of Upper Paleozoic Source Rocks in the Eastern Margin of the Ordos Basin, China: Input and Hydrocarbon Generation Potential. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 181: 106202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106202 |
Liang, S. J., Huang, Z. L., Liu, B., et al., 2012. Formation Mechanism and Enrichment Conditions of Lucaogou Formation Shale Oil from Malang Sag, Santanghu Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 33(4): 588–594 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Liu, B., Sun, J. H., Zhang, Y. Q., et al., 2021. Reservoir Space and Enrichment Model of Shale Oil in the First Member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Changling Sag, Southern Songliao Basin, NE China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 48(3): 608–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(21)60049-6 |
Liu, Z. J., Liu, R., 2005. Oil Shale Resource State and Evaluation System. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 315–323 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Liu, B., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., et al., 2017. Depositional Environment of Oil Shale within the Second Member of Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu Basin, Northwest China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 175: 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.03.011 |
Liu, B., Bechtel, A., Gross, D., et al., 2018. Middle Permian Environmental Changes and Shale Oil Potential Evidenced by High-Resolution Organic Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineral Composition of the Sediments in the Santanghu Basin, Northwest China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 185: 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.11.015 |
Liu, C. M., Cheng, X. S., Zhao, Z. Y., et al., 2006. Oil Source and Reservoir-Forming Analysis of East Slope in Jumusa'er Sag, Junggar Basin. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 29(3): 5–7, 69 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Lu, X. C., Kong, Y. H., Chang, J., et al., 2012. Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Sand-Gravel Stone Reservior of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Kebai Area, Northwest Junggar Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 3: 474–481 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Luo, Q. Y., George, S. C., Xu, Y. H., et al., 2016. Organic Geochemical Characteristics of the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation from Northern China: Implications for Thermal Maturity and Biological Sources. Organic Geochemistry, 99: 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.05.004 |
Luo, Q. Y., Gong, L., Qu, Y. S., et al., 2018. The Tight Oil Potential of the Lucaogou Formation from the Southern Junggar Basin, China. Fuel, 234: 858–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.002 |
Mello, M. R., Telnaes, N., Gaglianone, P. C., et al., 1988. Organic Geochemical Characterisation of Depositional Palaeoenvironments of Source Rocks and Oils in Brazilian Marginal Basins. Organic Geochemistry, 13(1/2/3): 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90023-X |
Moldowan, J. M., Sundararaman, P., Schoell, M., 1986. Sensitivity of Biomarker Properties to Depositional Environment and/or Source Input in the Lower Toarcian of SW-Germany. Organic Geochemistry, 10(4/5/6): 915–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80029-8 |
Mukhopadhyay, P. K., Wade, J. A., Kruge, M. A., 1995. Organic Facies and Maturation of Jurassic/Cretaceous Rocks, and Possible Oil-Source Rock Correlation Based on Pyrolysis of Asphaltenes, Scotian Basin, Canada. Organic Geochemistry, 22(1): 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(95)90010-1 |
Nie, H. K., Zhang, P. X., Bian, R. K., et al., 2016. Oil Accumulation Characteristics of China Continental Shale. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(2): 55–62. (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P., Rohmer, M., 1982. Predictive Microbial Biochemistry—From Molecular Fossils to Procaryotic Membranes. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 7(7): 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(82)90028-7 |
Ozcelik, O., Altunsoy, M., 2005. Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Miocene Bituminous Units in the Beypazari Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 30(2): 181–194. |
Peters, K. E., Cassa, M. R., 1994. Applied Source Rock Geochemistry. In: Magoon, L. B., Dow, W. G., eds., The Petroleum System—From Source to Trap. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa. 93–120 |
Peters, K. E., Walters, C. C., Moldowan, J. M., 2005. The Biomarker Guide: 2nd Edition. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Systems and Earth History (Ⅱ). University Press, Cambridge |
Philp, R. P., 1994. Geochemical Characteristics of Oils Derived Predominantly from Terrigenous Source Materials. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 77(1): 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1994.077.01.04 |
Powell, T. G., McKirdy, D. M., 1973. Relationship between Ratio of Pristane to Phytane, Crude Oil Composition and Geological Environment in Australia. Nature Physical Science, 243(124): 37–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/physci243037a0 |
Qu, C. S., Qiu, L. W., Cao, Y. C., et al., 2017. Organic Petrology Characteristics and Occurrence of Source Rocks in Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 41(2): 30–38 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Ren J. L., Jin J., Ma W. Y., et al., 2017. Analysis of Hydrocarbon Potential of Fengcheng Saline Lacustrine Source Rock of Lower Permian in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin. Geological Review, 63(S1): 51–52. https://doi.org/10.16509/j.georeview.2017.s1.026 (in Chinese with English Abstract). |
Scalan, E. S., Smith, J. E., 1970. An Improved Measure of the Odd-Even Predominance in the Normal Alkanes of Sediment Extracts and Petroleum. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 34(5): 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90019-0 |
Seifert, W. K., Moldowan, J. M., 1986. Use of Biological Markers in Petroleum Exploration. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, 24: 261–290 |
Shanmugam, G., 1985. Significance of Coniferous Rain Forests and Related Organic Matter in Generating Commercial Quantities of Oil, Gippsland Basin, Australia. AAPG Bulletin, 69: 1241–1254. https://doi.org/10.1306/ad462bc3-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d |
Shi, X., Wang, X. L., Zhang, X., et al., 2005. Distribution of Carboniferous Hydrocarbon Source Rock in Junggar Basin and Geochemical Characteristics. China Petrleum Exploration, 10(1): 34–39 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Summons, R. E., Bradley, A. S., Jahnke, L. L., et al., 2006. Steroids, Triterpenoids and Molecular Oxygen. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 361(1470): 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1837 |
Sun, J., 2012. Study on Litho Stratigraphic Hydrocarbon Reservoir of the Wutonggou Formation Permian in Jimusar Sag of Junggar Basin. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 34(5): 42–48 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Tissot, B. P., Welte, D. H., 1984. Petroleum Frmation and Occurrence. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidellberg, NewYork |
Wang, X. J., Wang, T. T., Cao, J., 2018. Basic Characteristics and Highly Efficient Hydrocarbon Generation of Alkaline-Lacustrine Source Rocks in Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 39(1): 9–15 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Wang, S. J., Hu, S. B., Wang, J. Y., 2000. The Characteristics of Heat Flow and Geothermal Field in Junggar Basin. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 43(6): 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.98 |
Wang, T., 1990. Biomarker Geochemical Study. China University of Geosciences Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Waples, D. W., 1985. Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. Human Resources and Develop. Co., Boston. 232 |
Waples, D. W., Machihara, T., 1991. Biomarkers for Geologists, a Practical Guide to the Application of Steranes and Triterpanes in Petroleum Geology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Methods in Exploration Series 9, Tulsa |
Wu, X. L., Gao, B., Ye, X., et al., 2013. Shale Oil Accumulation Conditions and Exploration Potential of Faulted Basins in the East of China. Oil & Gas Geology, 34(4): 455–462 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Xia, L. W., Cao, J., Lee, C., et al., 2021. A New Constraint on the Antiquity of Ancient Haloalkaliphilic Green Algae that Flourished in a Ca. 300 Ma Paleozoic Lake. Geobiology, 19(2): 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12423 |
Zhang, C. J., He, D. F., Wu, X. Z., et al., 2006. Formation and Evolution of Multicycle Superimposed Basins in Junggar Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 11(1): 47–58 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Zhang, J., Liu, L., Huang, Y., et al., 2003. Sedimentary Characteristics of Middle–Upper Permian in Jimusaer Sag of Junggar Basin. Xinjiang Geology, 21(4): 412–414 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Zhang, Y. Q., Zhang, N. F., 2006. Oil/Gas Enrichment of Large Superimposed Basin in Junggar Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 11(1): 59–64 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Zhao, Z. B., Littke, R., Zieger, L., et al., 2020. Depositional Environment, Thermal Maturity and Shale Oil Potential of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Eastern Changling Sag, Songliao Basin, China: an Integrated Organic and Inorganic Geochemistry Approach. International Journal of Coal Geology, 232: 103621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2020.103621 |
Zhu, G. Y., Jin, Q., Zhang, S. W., et al., 2004. Salt Lacustrine-Saline Lacustrine Sedimentary Combination and Petroleum Accumulation in the Bonan Sag. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 1: 25–30 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Zou, C. N., Yang, Z., Cui, J. W., et al., 2013. Formation Mechanism, Geological Characteristics and Development Strategy of Nonmarine Shale Oil in China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40(1): 14–26 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Zou, C. N., Tao S. Z., Hou L. H., et al., 2011. Unconventional Oil and Gas Geology. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. 128–151 |