| Citation: | Qibiao Zang, Chenglin Liu, Sarwar Awan Rizwan, Xiya Yang, Zhendong Lu, Guoxiong Li, Yuping Wu, Dehao Feng. Occurrence Models of Movable Fluid in Lacustrine Sandstone Reservoir of Chang 7 Member in the Heshui Block, Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2025, 36(1): 57-74. doi: 10.1007/s12583-021-1598-5
|
The Chang 7 sandstone is characterized by complex micro-pore structures, strong heterogeneity, and differential fluid distribution. These characteristics result in low oil recovery. In this paper, various techniques, including high-pressure mercury intrusion, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope, thin section, and X-ray diffraction, are employed to quantitatively evaluate the occurrence characteristics and influencing factors of movable fluids in Chang 7 sandstone reservoirs from the Heshui Block with different fractal structures. Results show that the dominant sandstone type is feldspar lithic fragment sandstone. Chang 7 reservoir has been divided into three types (types I, II, and III) based on capillary pressure curves and pore structure parameters. These reservoirs are characterized by various fractal structures and different movable fluids distribution. Multiple possible factors affecting the movable fluid distribution are analyzed, including physical properties, pore structure, pore size distribution, mineral content, and heterogeneity. Movable fluid saturation is positively correlated with physical properties, weighted average pore-throat radius, median pore-throat radius, final residual mercury saturation, and maximum mercury withdrawal saturation. In contrast, it is negatively correlated with displacement pressure and has no obvious correlation with the sorting coefficient. Micron- and submicron-scale pores are beneficial to the movable fluid occurrence, while nano-scale pores are vice versa. The influence of mineral content on movable fluid occurrence varies with mineral types. Quartz is conducive to the movable fluid occurrence in submicron-scale pores, while carbonate cementation inhibits the movable fluid occurrence in submicron-scale pores. The inhibition of clay on the movable fluid occurrence is mainly reflected in submicron- and nano-scale pores and varies with clay mineral types. The influence of heterogeneity on the movable fluid occurrence is mainly reflected in submicron-scale pores. The occurrence models of movable fluid vary with reservoir types.
| Ajdukiewicz, J. M., Larese, R. E., 2012. How Clay Grain Coats Inhibit Quartz Cement and Preserve Porosity in Deeply Buried Sandstones: Observations and Experiments. AAPG Bulletin, 96(11): 2091–2119. https://doi.org/10.1306/02211211075 |
| Al-Mahrooqi, S. H., Grattoni, C. A., Moss, A. K., et al., 2003. An Investigation of the Effect of Wettability on NMR Characteristics of Sandstone Rock and Fluid Systems. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 39(3/4): 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(03)00077-9 |
| Al-Mahrooqi, S. H., Grattoni, C. A., Muggeridge, A. H., et al., 2006. Pore-Scale Modelling of NMR Relaxation for the Characterization of Wettability. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 52(1/2/3/4): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.03.008 |
| Amadu, M., Pegg, M. J., 2018. Theoretical and Experimental Determination of the Fractal Dimension and Pore Size Distribution Index of a Porous Sample Using Spontaneous Imbibition Dynamics Theory. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 167: 785–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.04.037 |
| Awan, R. S., Liu, C. L., Aadil, N., et al., 2021. Organic Geochemical Evaluation of Cretaceous Talhar Shale for Shale Oil and Gas Potential from Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 200: 108404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108404 |
| Cao, Z., Liu, G. D., Zhan, H. B., et al., 2016. Pore Structure Characterization of Chang-7 Tight Sandstone Using MICP Combined with N2GA Techniques and Its Geological Control Factors. Scientific Reports, 6: 36919. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36919 |
| Carr, M. B., Ehrlich, R., Bowers, M. C., et al., 1996. Correlation of Porosity Types Derived from NMR Data and Thin Section Image Analysis in a Carbonate Reservoir. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 14(3/4): 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-4105(95)00045-3 |
| Clarkson, C. R., Freeman, M., He, L., et al., 2012a. Characterization of Tight Gas Reservoir Pore Structure Using USANS/SANS and Gas Adsorption Analysis. Fuel, 95: 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.010 |
| Clarkson, C. R., Jensen, J. L., Pedersen, P. K., et al., 2012b. Innovative Methods for Flow-Unit and Pore-Structure Analyses in a Tight Siltstone and Shale Gas Reservoir. AAPG Bulletin, 96(2): 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1306/05181110171 |
| Cui, J. W., Zhu, R. K., Li, S., et al., 2019a. Development Patterns of Source Rocks in the Depression Lake Basin and Its Influence on Oil Accumulation: Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 4(4): 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2019.08.002 |
| Cui, J. W., Zhu, R. K., Luo, Z., et al., 2019b. Sedimentary and Geochemical Characteristics of the Triassic Chang 7 Member Shale in the Southeastern Ordos Basin, Central China. Petroleum Science, 16(2): 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-0307-9 |
| Eslami, M., Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., Sharghi, Y., et al., 2013. Construction of Synthetic Capillary Pressure Curves from the Joint Use of NMR Log Data and Conventional Well Logs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 111: 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2013.10.010 |
| Fan, X. Q., Wang, G. W., Li, Y. F., et al., 2019. Pore Structure Evaluation of Tight Reservoirs in the Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Sediments Using Fractal Analysis of NMR Experiments and Logs. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 109: 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.06.038 |
| Fu, J. H., Li, S. X., Xu, L. M., et al., 2018. Paleo-Sedimentary Environmental Restoration and Its Significance of Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(6): 998–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30104-6 |
| Gao, H., Li, H. Z., 2015. Determination of Movable Fluid Percentage and Movable Fluid Porosity in Ultra-Low Permeability Sandstone Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Technique. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 133: 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.06.017 |
| Guo, R. L., Xie, Q. C., Qu, X. F., et al., 2020. Fractal Characteristics of Pore-Throat Structure and Permeability Estimation of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of Chang 7 of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 184: 106555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106555 |
| Hossain, Z., Grattoni, C. A., Solymar, M., et al., 2011. Petrophysical Properties of Greensand as Predicted from NMR Measurements. Petroleum Geoscience, 17(2): 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079309-038 |
| Hu, H. Y., Zeng, Z. P., Liu, J. Z., 2015. Key Elements Controlling Oil Accumulation within the Tight Sandstones. Journal of Earth Science, 26(3): 328–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0550-y |
| Huang, H. X., Li, R. X., Xiong, F. Y., et al., 2020. A Method to Probe the Pore-Throat Structure of Tight Reservoirs Based on Low-Field NMR: Insights from a Cylindrical Pore Model. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 117: 104344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104344 |
| Jia, C. Z., Zheng, M., Zhang, Y. F., 2012. Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources in China and the Prospect of Exploration and Development. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(2): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60026-3 |
| Katz, A. J., Thompson, A. H., 1985. Fractal Sandstone Pores: Implications for Conductivity and Pore Formation. Physical Review Letters, 54(12): 1325–1328. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1325 |
| Lai, J., Wang, G. W., 2015. Fractal Analysis of Tight Gas Sandstones Using High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion Techniques. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 24: 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.03.027 |
| Lai, J., Wang, G. W., Wang, Z. Y., et al., 2018. A Review on Pore Structure Characterization in Tight Sandstones. Earth-Science Reviews, 177: 436–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.003 |
| Lai, J., Wang, S., Wang, G. W., et al., 2019. Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Ordovician Majiagou Carbonate Reservoirs in Ordos Basin, China. AAPG Bulletin, 103(11): 2573–2596. https://doi.org/10.1306/02251917173 |
| Li, P., Jia, C. Z., Jin, Z. J., et al., 2019a. The Characteristics of Movable Fluid in the Triassic Lacustrine Tight Oil Reservoir: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of Xin'anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 102: 126–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.019 |
| Li, P., Sun, W., Wu, B. L., et al., 2019b. Occurrence Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Movable Fluids in Chang 81 Reservoir, Maling Oilfield, Ordos Basin, China. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 9(1): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-018-0471-2 |
| Li, P., Sun, W., Wu, B. L., et al., 2018. Occurrence Characteristics and Influential Factors of Movable Fluids in Pores with Different Structures of Chang 63 Reservoir, Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin, China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 97: 480–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.07.033 |
| Li, X. H., Gao, Z. Y., Fang, S. Y., et al., 2019. Fractal Characterization of Nanopore Structure in Shale, Tight Sandstone and Mudstone from the Ordos Basin of China Using Nitrogen Adsorption. Energies, 12(4): 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040583 |
| Liu, S., Yang, S., 2000. Upper Triassic–Jurassic Sequence Stratigraphy and Its Structural Controls in the Western Ordos Basin, China. Basin Research, 12(1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2000.00107.x |
| Liu, Z. S., Liu, D. M., Cai, Y. D., et al., 2020. Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in Coalbed Methane and Shale Reservoirs: A Review. International Journal of Coal Geology, 218: 103261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2019.103261 |
| Mandelbrot, B. B., Passoja, D. E., Paullay, A. J., 1984. Fractal Character of Fracture Surfaces of Metals. Nature, 308(5961): 721–722. https://doi.org/10.1038/308721a0 |
| Mao, G. T., Lai, F. P., Li, Z. P., et al., 2020. Characteristics of Pore Structure of Tight Gas Reservoir and Its Influence on Fluid Distribution during Fracturing. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 193: 107360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107360 |
| Mao, Z. Q., He, Y. D., Ren, X. J., 2005. An Improved Method of Using NMR T2 Distribution to Evaluate Pore Size Distribution. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 48(2): 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.668 |
| Mayo, S., Josh, M., Nesterets, Y., et al., 2015. Quantitative Micro-Porosity Characterization Using Synchrotron Micro-CT and Xenon K-Edge Subtraction in Sandstones, Carbonates, Shales and Coal. Fuel, 154: 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.046 |
| Mozley, P. S., Heath, J. E., Dewers, T. A., et al., 2016. Origin and Heterogeneity of Pore Sizes in the Mount Simon Sandstone and Eau Claire Formation: Implications for Multiphase Fluid Flow. Geosphere, 12(4): 1341–1361. https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01245.1 |
| Pape, H., Clauser, C., Iffland, J., 1999. Permeability Prediction Based on Fractal Pore-Space Geometry. Geophysics, 64(5): 1447–1460. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444649 |
| Qiao, J. C., Zeng, J. H., Ma, Y., et al., 2020. Effects of Mineralogy on Pore Structure and Fluid Flow Capacity of Deeply Buried Sandstone Reservoirs with a Case Study in the Junggar Basin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 189: 106986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.106986 |
| Qu, Y. Q., Sun, W., Tao, R. D., et al., 2020. Pore-Throat Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Tight Sandstones in Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 120: 104573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104573 |
| Rezaee, R., Saeedi, A., Clennell, B., 2012. Tight Gas Sands Permeability Estimation from Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 88: 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.12.014 |
| Rosenbrand, E., Fabricius, I. L., Fisher, Q., et al., 2015. Permeability in Rotliegend Gas Sandstones to Gas and Brine as Predicted from NMR, Mercury Injection and Image Analysis. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 64: 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.009 |
| Schmitt Rahner, M., Halisch, M., Peres Fernandes, C., et al., 2018. Fractal Dimensions of Pore Spaces in Unconventional Reservoir Rocks Using X-Ray Nano- and Micro-Computed Tomography. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 55: 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.05.011 |
| Shao, X. H., Pang, X. Q., Li, H., et al., 2017. Fractal Analysis of Pore Network in Tight Gas Sandstones Using NMR Method: A Case Study from the Ordos Basin, China. Energy & Fuels, 31(10): 10358–10368. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01007 |
| Sun, W., Zuo, Y. J., Wu, Z. H., et al., 2019. Fractal Analysis of Pores and the Pore Structure of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Shale in Northern Guizhou Province: Investigations Using NMR, SEM and Image Analyses. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 99: 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.042 |
| Taylor, T. R., Giles, M. R., Hathon, L. A., et al., 2010. Sandstone Diagenesis and Reservoir Quality Prediction: Models, Myths, and Reality. AAPG Bulletin, 94(8): 1093–1132. https://doi.org/10.1306/04211009123 |
| Testamanti, M. N., Rezaee, R., 2017. Determination of NMR T2 Cut-off for Clay Bound Water in Shales: A Case Study of Carynginia Formation, Perth Basin, Western Australia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 149: 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.10.066 |
| Tian, W. C., Lu, S. F., Huang, W. B., et al., 2019. Study on the Full-Range Pore Size Distribution and the Movable Oil Distribution in Glutenite. Energy & Fuels, 33(8): 7028–7042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00999 |
| Timur, A., 1969. Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Porosity, Movable Fluid, and Permeability of Sandstones. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 21(6): 775–786. https://doi.org/10.2118/2045-pa |
| Tong, X. G., Zhang, G. Y., Wang, Z. M., et al., 2018. Distribution and Potential of Global Oil and Gas Resources. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(4): 779–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30081-8 |
| Wang, F. Y., Zeng, F. C., 2020. Novel Insights into the Movable Fluid Distribution in Tight Sandstones Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Rate-Controlled Porosimetry. Natural Resources Research, 29(5): 3351–3361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-020-09635-1 |
| Wang, L., Tian, Y., Yu, X. Y., et al., 2017. Advances in Improved/Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies for Tight and Shale Reservoirs. Fuel, 210: 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.08.095 |
| Worden, R. H., Bukar, M., Shell, P., 2018. The Effect of Oil Emplacement on Quartz Cementation in a Deeply Buried Sandstone Reservoir. AAPG Bulletin, 102(1): 49–75. https://doi.org/10.1306/02071716001 |
| Wu, S. T., Li, S. X., Yuan, X. J., et al., 2021. Fluid Mobility Evaluation of Tight Sandstones in Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin. Journal of Earth Science, 32(4): 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1050-2 |
| Wu, Y. Q., Tahmasebi, P., Lin, C. Y., et al., 2019. A Comprehensive Study on Geometric, Topological and Fractal Characterizations of Pore Systems in Low-Permeability Reservoirs Based on SEM, MICP, NMR, and X-Ray CT Experiments. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 103: 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.02.003 |
| Xu, H. J., Fan, Y. R., Hu, F. L., et al., 2019. Characterization of Pore Throat Size Distribution in Tight Sandstones with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion. Energies, 12(8): 1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081528 |
| Yang, L., Wang, S., Jiang, Q. P., et al., 2020. Effects of Microstructure and Rock Mineralogy on Movable Fluid Saturation in Tight Reservoirs. Energy & Fuels, 34(11): 14515–14526. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02273 |
| Yang, P., Guo, H. K., Yang, D. Y., 2013. Determination of Residual Oil Distribution during Waterflooding in Tight Oil Formations with NMR Relaxometry Measurements. Energy & Fuels, 27(10): 5750–5756. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400631h |
| Yang, Y. T., Li, W., Ma, L., 2005. Tectonic and Stratigraphic Controls of Hydrocarbon Systems in the Ordos Basin: A Multicycle Cratonic Basin in Central China. AAPG Bulletin, 89(2): 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1306/10070404027 |
| Yao, Y. B., Liu, D. M., 2012. Comparison of Low-Field NMR and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry in Characterizing Pore Size Distributions of Coals. Fuel, 95: 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.039 |
| Yao, Y. B., Liu, D. M., Che, Y., et al., 2010. Petrophysical Characterization of Coals by Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Fuel, 89(7): 1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.005 |
| Zang, Q. B., Liu, C. L., Awan, R. S., et al., 2022. Comparison of Pore Size Distribution, Heterogeneity and Occurrence Characteristics of Movable Fluids of Tight Oil Reservoirs Formed in Different Sedimentary Environments: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of Ordos Basin, China. Natural Resources Research, 31(1): 415–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09986-3 |
| Zhang, K. X., Lai, J., Bai, G. P., et al., 2020a. Comparison of Fractal Models Using NMR and CT Analysis in Low Permeability Sandstones. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 112: 104069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104069 |
| Zhang, P. H., Lee, Y. I., Zhang, J. L., 2020b. Diagenetic Controls on the Reservoir Quality of Tight Oil-Bearing Sandstones in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, North-Central China. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 43(2): 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12759 |
| Zhang, Z. Y., Weller, A., 2014. Fractal Dimension of Pore-Space Geometry of an Eocene Sandstone Formation. Geophysics, 79(6): D377–D387. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0143.1 |
| Zhao, P. Q., Wang, Z. L., Sun, Z. C., et al., 2017. Investigation on the Pore Structure and Multifractal Characteristics of Tight Oil Reservoirs Using NMR Measurements: Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer Sag, Junggar Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 86: 1067–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.07.011 |
| Zhou, L., Kang, Z. H., 2016. Fractal Characterization of Pores in Shales Using NMR: A Case Study from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Middle Yangtze Platform, Southwest China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 35: 860–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.09.030 |
| Zhou, S. D., Liu, D. M., Cai, Y. D., et al., 2016a. Fractal Characterization of Pore-Fracture in Low-Rank Coals Using a Low-Field NMR Relaxation Method. Fuel, 181: 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.119 |
| Zhou, T. Q., Wu, C. D., Shi, Z. K., et al., 2019. Multi-Scale Quantitative Characterization of Pore Distribution Networks in Tight Sandstone by Integrating FE-SEM, HPMI, and NMR with the Constrained Least Squares Algorithm. Energies, 12(18): 3514. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183514 |
| Zhou, Y., Ji, Y. L., Xu, L. M., et al., 2016b. Controls on Reservoir Heterogeneity of Tight Sand Oil Reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area, Southwest Ordos Basin, China: Implications for Reservoir Quality Prediction and Oil Accumulation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 78: 110–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.09.006 |
| Zhou, Z. L., Wang, G. W., Ran, Y., et al., 2016c. A Logging Identification Method of Tight Oil Reservoir Lithology and Lithofacies: A Case from Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Heshui Area, Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 43(1): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(16)30007-6 |
| Zhu, C. F., Guo, W., Li, Y. J., et al., 2021. Effect of Occurrence States of Fluid and Pore Structures on Shale Oil Movability. Fuel, 288: 119847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119847 |
| Zou, C. N., Pan, S. Q., Horsfield, B., et al., 2019. Oil Retention and Intrasource Migration in the Organic-Rich Lacustrine Chang 7 Shale of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, Central China. AAPG Bulletin, 103(11): 2627–2663. https://doi.org/10.1306/01301917052 |
| Zou, C. N., Zhu, R. K., Liu, K. Y., et al., 2012. Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in China: Characteristics and Recognition Criteria. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 88: 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2012.02.001 |
Figures(14) / Tables(7)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
