Light is an Important Limiting Factor for the Vertical Distribution of the Largest Extant Benthic Foraminifer <i>Cycloclypeus carpenteri</i>

Kazuhiko Fujita; Yoji Kanda; Takashi Hosono

doi:10.1007/s12583-022-1612-6

Volume 33 Issue 6

Dec 2022

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Journal of Earth Science > 2022 > 33(6): 1460-1468.

Kazuhiko Fujita, Yoji Kanda, Takashi Hosono. Light is an Important Limiting Factor for the Vertical Distribution of the Largest Extant Benthic Foraminifer Cycloclypeus carpenteri. Journal of Earth Science, 2022, 33(6): 1460-1468. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1612-6

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Kazuhiko Fujita, Yoji Kanda, Takashi Hosono. Light is an Important Limiting Factor for the Vertical Distribution of the Largest Extant Benthic Foraminifer Cycloclypeus carpenteri. Journal of Earth Science, 2022, 33(6): 1460-1468. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1612-6

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Light is an Important Limiting Factor for the Vertical Distribution of the Largest Extant Benthic Foraminifer Cycloclypeus carpenteri

doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1612-6

1.
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
2.
Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
3.
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan

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Corresponding author: Kazuhiko Fujita, fujitaka@sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp
Received Date: 12 Dec 2021
Accepted Date: 05 Jan 2022
Issue Publish Date: 30 Dec 2022

Abstract

Abstract

Cycloclypeus carpenteri is the largest extant benthic foraminifer, dwelling in the deep euphotic zone (a water depth between 60 and 130 m) of the warm oligotrophic Indo-West Pacific. This foraminifer harbors diatom endosymbionts and the foraminifer-microalgal association acts like a holobiont. To verify that light is an important limiting factor controlling the vertical (depth) distribution of living Cycloclypeus holobionts, their physiological responses to light intensity were examined by short-term metabolic measurements and long-term incubations. Net oxygen production (OP) rates measured under different light levels using an oxygen microelectrode indicate that Cycloclypeus holobionts are daily net primary producers adapted to low light levels, with slight photoinhibition (reduced net OP rates relative to a light-saturated rate) over 100 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1. Long-term growth increments of asexually reproduced juveniles incubated for two months at different light levels ranging from 0 to 100 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1 show that Cycloclypeus holobionts are adapted to a low light level (~5 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1), but can be acclimatized to a certain low light ranges (< 50 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1). These experimental results confirm that light is an important environmental gradient affecting the vertical distribution of Cycloclypeus holobionts.
- algal symbiosis,
- diatom,
- large benthic foraminifer,
- oxygen production,
- photosynthesis

Electronic Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials (Tables S1–S3) are available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1612-6.

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References(48)

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