| Citation: | Xiumin Zhai, Xinggong Kong, Yuanhai Zhang, Philip John Rowsell, Zhijun Zhao, Baojian Huang, Jing Zhang. Late Miocene Elevated Horizontal Karst Caves and Landform Evolution as a Response to Tectonic Uplift along with Regional Integration of Fluvial Drainage in Southwestern China. Journal of Earth Science, 2025, 36(4): 1717-1730. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1656-7
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In Southwestern China, the development of karst landforms and planation surfaces is closely related to local tectonics, fluvial incision, and base level changes, and climate changes. However, researches on when these karst landforms and planation surfaces formed and how they evolved along drainage development are scarce. Fortunately, horizontal caves with numerous fluvial deposits in high karst mountains can be served as time markers in landform evolution. Here we select large horizontal caves to perform studies of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochronology. Fieldwork revealed that more than 25 km long horizontal cave passages are perched 1 500 m higher than the local base level, but filled with several phases of fluvial sediments and breakdown slabs. The first phase of fluvial gravels and related cave drainage was dated back to 6.4 Ma using cosmogenic nuclide burial dating, and the stalagmite covering the cave collapse was dated by the U-Pb method to be older than 1.56 Ma. These results show that the continuous horizontal cave drainage system and the planation surface were developed before the Late Miocene. The lowering process of the base level as a result of the sharp fluvial incision and water level lowering, along with the regional uplift, led to the abandonment of the horizontal cave and the elevated planation surface at the Late Miocene. After that, the phase of cave collapse, thick fluvial sand, and clay sediments in the recharge of cave areas were deposited at around 1.6 Ma and during the Middle Pleistocene, respectively. Subsequently, speleothems were widely deposited on the collapse and clay sediments during the period from 600 to 90 ka, whereas the deposition of cave fluvial sediments terminated suddenly. The tectonic could control the denudation of surface caprocks and the development of karst conduits before the Late Miocene, whereas the river incision acted as the main driver for the base level lowering and the destruction of the horizontal cave drainage at high altitudes. In addition, the rapid incision and retreat of Silurian gorges finally caused the formation of karst mesas in the Middle Pleistocene.
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