| Citation: | Cong Li, Rongtang Zhang, Jiebing Zhu, Bo Lu, Xiaowei Wang, Fangling Xu, Xiaoke Shen, Jiesheng Liu, Weizhen Cai. Model Test Study on Response of Weathered Rock Slope to Rainfall Infiltration under Different Conditions. Journal of Earth Science, 2024, 35(4): 1316-1333. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1704-3
|
Weathered rock (especially granite) slopes are prone to failure under the action of rainfall, making it necessary to study the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall infiltration for landslide prevention. In this study, a series of model tests of weathered rock slope under different conditions were conducted. The matric suction, volumetric water content, earth pressure and deformation of slope were monitored in real time during rainfall. The response of the slope to rainfall infiltration, failure process and failure mode of slope under different conditions were analyzed, and the early warning criterion for the failure of weathered rock slope caused by rainfall was studied. The results show that the slope deformation evolution process under rainfall condition was closely related to the dissipation of matric suction. When the distribution of the matrix suction (or water content) of slope met the condition that the resistance to sliding of the slip-mass was overcome, the displacement increased sharply and landslide occurred. Three factors including rainfall process, lithologic condition and excavation condition significantly affect the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall. It can be found from the test results under different conditions that compared with intermittent rainfall condition, the rainfall intensity and infiltration depth were smaller when the slope entering accelerated deformation stage under the condition of incremental rainfall. The accumulated rainfall when weathered clastic landslide occurring was greater than that of weathered granite, which results in greater disaster risk. The excavation angle and moisture distribution of a slope were the main factors affecting the stability of a slope. In addition, the evolution processes and critical displacement velocities of slopes were studied by combining the deformation curves and matrix suction curves, which can be used as reference for early warning of rainfall-induced weathered rock landslide.
| Askarinejad, A., Akca, D., Springman, S. M., 2018. Precursors of Instability in a Natural Slope Due to Rainfall: A Full-Scale Experiment. Landslides, 15(9): 1745–1759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0994-0 |
| Chang, Z. L., Huang, F. M., Huang, J. S., et al., 2021. Experimental Study of the Failure Mode and Mechanism of Loess Fill Slopes Induced by Rainfall. Engineering Geology, 280: 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105941 |
| Chen, G., Meng, X. M., Qiao, L., et al., 2017. Response of a Loess Landslide to Rainfall: Observations from a Field Artificial Rainfall Experiment in Bailong River Basin, China. Landslides, 15(5): 895–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0924-6 |
| Chen, J. C., Wang, L. M., Pu, X. W., et al., 2020. Experimental Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Low-Angle Loess Slope under the Influence of Long- and Short-Term Effects of Rainfall before Earthquake. Engineering Geology, 273: 105684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105684 |
| Chen, T. L., Zhou, C., Wang, G. L., et al., 2018. Centrifuge Model Test on Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slopes with Cyclic Wetting–Drying and Inundation at the Slope Toe. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 16(10): 1341–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0228-1 |
| Cho, M. T. T., Chueasamat, A., Hori, T., et al., 2021. Effectiveness of Filter Gabions Against Slope Failure Due to Heavy Rainfall. Soils and Foundations, 61(2): 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2021.01.010 |
| Cogan, J., Gratchev, I., 2019. A Study on the Effect of Rainfall and Slope Characteristics on Landslide Initiation by Means of Flume Tests. Landslides, 16(12): 2369–2379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01261-0 |
| Gallage, C., Abeykoon, T., Uchimura, T., 2021. Instrumented Model Slopes to Investigate the Effects of Slope Inclination on Rainfall-Induced Landslides. Soils and Foundations, 61(1): 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2020.11.006 |
| Gan, J. J., Zhang, Y. X., 2020. Analysis of Model Tests of Rainfall-Induced Soil Deposit Landslide. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020: 6431247. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6431247 |
| Ge, Y. F., Zhou, T., Tang, H. M., et al., 2020. Influence of the Impact Angle on the Motion and Deposition of Granular Flows. Engineering Geology, 275: 105746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105746 |
| Giri, P., Ng, K., Phillips, W., 2018. Laboratory Simulation to Understand Translational Soil Slides and Establish Movement Criteria Using Wireless IMU Sensors. Landslides, 15(12): 2437–2447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1055-4 |
| Guo, P. F., Yuan, Y. D., Peng, Y. Y., et al., 2021. Analysis of Slope Stability and Disaster Law under Heavy Rainfall. Geofluids, 2021: 5520686. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5520686 |
| He, C. C., Hu, X. L., Xu, C., et al., 2020a. Model Test of the Influence of Cyclic Water Level Fluctuations on a Landslide. Journal of Mountain Science, 17(1): 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5713-9 |
| He, C. C., Hu, X. L., Liu, D. Z., et al., 2020b. Model Tests of the Evolutionary Process and Failure Mechanism of a Pile-Reinforced Landslide under Two Different Reservoir Conditions. Engineering Geology, 277: 105811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105811 |
| Huang, C. C., Ji, Y. J., Hwu, L. K., et al., 2009. Internal Soil Moisture and Piezometric Responses to Rainfall-Induced Shallow Slope Failures. Journal of Hydrology, 370(1): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.051 |
| Huang, C. C., Lo, C. L., Jang, J. S., et al., 2008. Internal Soil Moisture Response to Rainfall-Induced Slope Failures and Debris Discharge. Engineering Geology, 101(3/4): 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.04.009 |
| Hung, W. Y., Tran, M. C., Yeh, F. H., et al., 2020. Centrifuge Modeling of Failure Behaviors of Sandy Slope Caused by Gravity, Rainfall, and Base Shaking. Engineering Geology, 271: 105609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105609 |
| Lee, K., Han, H., Chang, D. H., et al., 2013. Seepage Behavior by Artificial Rainfall in Weathered Granite Model Slope. Journal of the Korean Geoenvironmental Society, 14(12): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.14481/jkges.2013.14.12.005 |
| Lee, K., Suk, J., Kim, H., et al., 2021. Modeling of Rainfall-Induced Landslides Using a Full-Scale Flume Test. Landslides, 18(3): 1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01563-8 |
| Jiang, Z. H., Wang, H. L., Xie, W., 2021. Deformation Mechanism of Deposit Landslide Induced by Fluctuations of Reservoir Water Level Based on Physical Model Tests. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(11): 410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09673-9 |
| Lai, T. W., Ji, Z. Y., Wu, H. G., et al., 2021. Geological Analysis and Model Test of Bedding Rock Cutting Landslide. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021: 9948691. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9948691 |
| Li, C., Yao, D., Wang, Z., et al., 2016. Model Test on Rainfall-Induced Loess–Mudstone Interfacial Landslides in Qingshuihe, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(9): 835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5658-6 |
| Li, L. Q., Ju, N. P., 2016b. Effect of the Inclined Weak Interlayers on the Rainfall Response of a Bedded Rock Slope. Journal of Mountain Science, 13(9): 1663–1674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3594-7 |
| Li, Z., He, Y. J., Li, H. E., et al., 2016. Model Test on Slope Landslides under Antecedent Rainfall. Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences), 44(5): 400–405. https://doi.org/10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2016.05.004 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Liu, C., Li, S. C., Zhou, Z. Q., et al., 2020a. Physical Model Tests to Determine the Mechanism of Submarine Landslides under the Effect of Sea Waves. Natural Hazards, 102(3): 1451–1474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03982-1 |
| Liu, D. Z., Hu, X. L., Zhou, C., et al., 2020b. Model Test Study of a Landslide Stabilized with Piles and Evolutionary Stage Identification Based on Thermal Infrared Temperature Analysis. Landslides, 17(6): 1393–1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01355-0 |
| Liu, G., Zha, X. Y., Guan, J. K., et al., 2021. Field Experiment of Rainfall Infiltration on a Soil Slope and Simulations Based on a Water-Air Two-Phase Flow Model. Journal of Mountain Science, 18(8): 2159–2167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6322-x |
| Liu Xian, Jie H., Jiang S. H., et al., 2023. Slope Reliability Analysis Incorporating Observation of Stability Performance under a Past Rainfall Event. Earth Science, 48(5): 1865–1874. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.327 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Longoni, L., Ivanov, V., Ferrario, M., et al., 2022. Laboratory Tests with Interferometric Optical Fibre Sensors to Monitor Shallow Landslides Triggered by Rainfalls. Landslides, 19(3): 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01803-5 |
| Lu, P., Wu, H. B., Qiao, G., et al., 2015. Model Test Study on Monitoring Dynamic Process of Slope Failure through Spatial Sensor Network. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(4): 3315–3332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4369-8 |
| Marin, R. J., García, E. F., Aristizábal, E., 2020. Effect of Basin Morphometric Parameters on Physically-Based Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslides. Engineering Geology, 278(5): 105855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105855 |
| Park, M., Park, B., Jang, Y. J., et al., 2013. Seepage Characteristic by Rainfall in Model Slope Test. 2013 Korean Geo-Environmental Society Conference, September 27, Seoul. 136–139 (in Korean with English Abstract) |
| Okura, Y., Kitahara, H., Sammori, T., et al., 2000. The Effects of Rockfall Volume on Runout Distance. Engineering Geology, 58(2): 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(00)00049-1 |
| Ran, Q. H., Hong, Y. Y., Li, W., et al., 2018. A Modelling Study of Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslide Mechanisms under Different Rainfall Characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 563: 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.040 |
| Ren, F. F., Huang, Q. Q., Wang, G., 2020. Shaking Table Tests on Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Subjected to the Combined Effects of Rainfall and Earthquakes. Engineering Geology, 267: 105475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105475 |
| Sasahara, K., 2022. A Relation for Accelerating Deformation of Sandy Soil and Its Application to Predict the Time to Failure of a Sandy Model Slope under Repeated Rainfall. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(7): 208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10322-y |
| Segoni, S., Piciullo, L., Gariano, S. L., 2018. A Review of the Recent Literature on Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrence. Landslides, 15(8): 1483–1501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0966-4 |
| Sun, S. X., Zhang, Y. X., 2012. Similarity Criterion in Physical Simulation of Rainfall and Sheet Flow. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 28(11): 93–98 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Takahashi, H., Fujii, N., Sassa, S., 2020. Centrifuge Model Tests of Earthquake-Induced Submarine Landslide. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 20(4): 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.18.00048 |
| Take, W. A., Bolton, M. D., Wong, P. C. P., et al., 2004. Evaluation of Landslide Triggering Mechanisms in Model Fill Slopes. Landslides, 1(3): 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-004-0025-1 |
| Tong, D. F., Su, A. J., Tan, F., et al., 2023. Genetic Mechanism of Water-Rich Landslide Considering Antecedent Rainfalls: A Case Study of Pingyikou Landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Journal of Earth Science, 34(6): 1878–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1722-1 |
| Wang, H. L., Jiang, Z. H., Xu, W. Y., et al., 2022. Physical Model Test on Deformation and Failure Mechanism of Deposit Landslide under Gradient Rainfall. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81(1): 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02566-y |
| Wang, S. M., Pan, Y. C., Wang, L., et al., 2021. Deformation Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Influencing Factors of Hydrodynamic Pressure Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir: A Case Study and Model Test Study. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(4): 3513–3533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02120-w |
| Wu, L. Z., Zhou, Y., Sun, P., et al., 2017. Laboratory Characterization of Rainfall-Induced Loess Slope Failure. Catena, 150: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.11.002 |
| Wu, L. Z., Huang, R. Q., Li, H. L., et al., 2021. The Model Tests of Rainfall Infiltration in Two-Layer Unsaturated Soil Slopes. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 25(9): 1555–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1585961 |
| Wu, L. Z., Huang, R. Q., Xu, Q., et al., 2015. Analysis of Physical Testing of Rainfall-Induced Soil Slope Failures. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(12): 8519–8531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-4009-8 |
| Xu, Q., Peng, D. L., Zhang, S., et al., 2020. Successful Implementations of a Real-Time and Intelligent Early Warning System for Loess Landslides on the Heifangtai Terrace, China. Engineering Geology, 278: 105817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105817 |
| Xu, X. T., Jian, W. B., Wu, N. S., et al., 2018. Model Test of Rainfall-Induced Residual Soil Slope Failure. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 31(2): 270–279. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7372.2018.02.029 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zhang, J. M., Luo, Y., Zhou, Z., et al., 2021. Research on the Rainfall-Induced Regional Slope Failures along the Yangtze River of Anhui, China. Landslides, 18(5): 1801–1821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01623-7 |
| Zhang, M., Yang, L., Ren, X. W., et al., 2019. Field Model Experiments to Determine Mechanisms of Rainstorm-Induced Shallow Landslides in the Feiyunjiang River Basin, China. Engineering Geology, 262: 105348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105348 |
| Zhang, S., Pei, X. J., Wang, S. Y., et al., 2020. Centrifuge Model Testing of Loess Landslides Induced by Excavation in Northwest China. International Journal of Geomechanics, 20(4): 04020022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001619 |
| Zhong, Y., Li, Y. Y., Yin, K. L., et al., 2023. Failure Mechanism of Thick Colluvium Landslide Triggered by Heavy Rainfall Based on Model Test. Earth Science, 48(10): 3912–3924. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2021.248 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zhou, Y. Q., Sheng, Q., Chen, J., et al., 2022. The Failure Mode of Transmission Tower Foundation on the Landslide under Heavy Rainfall: A Case Study on a 500-kV Transmission Tower Foundation on the Yanzi Landslide in Badong, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81(3): 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02628-9 |
| Zhu, Z. W., Liu, B., Liu, P., et al., 2017. Model Experimental Study of Landslides Based on Combined Optical Fiber Transducer and Different Types of Boreholes. Catena, 155: 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.03.003 |
Figures(13) / Tables(8)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
