| Citation: | Jing-Jing Tian, Tian-Tao Li, Xiang-Jun Pei, Jian Guo, Shou-Dao Wang, Hao Sun, Pei-Zhang Yang, Run-Qiu Huang. Experimental Study on Multistage Seismic Damage Process of Bedding Rock Slope: A Case Study of the Xinmo Landslide. Journal of Earth Science, 2024, 35(5): 1594-1612. doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1829-z
|
In the early hours of June 24, 2017, a major landslide event occurred in Xinmo Village, Sichuan Province, China. The landslide instantly devastated the whole village. Ten people died and 73 were missing in this major landslide event. The study area has suffered from several strong earthquakes in the past 100 y. Present studies have reported that the cumulative damage effect of the Xinmo landslide induced by earthquake is obvious. In this study, we conducted a shaking table test based on the detailed geological survey, historical seismic data, satellite optical image, unmanned aerial vehicle photography. The test result presents the characteristics of multistage seismic damage and progressive deformation process of the Xinmo landslide model, and shows that the historical earthquakes have caused serious damage to the interior of rock mass in the source area. The test also shows that the cumulative damage of the model increases with an increase in duration of earthquake loading. When the excitation intensity increases to a certain value, the damage accumulation velocity of the model suddenly increases. It reveals that frequent historical earthquake loads can be regarded as a main reason for the damage and deterioration of landslide rock mass. Damage accumulation and superposition occur in the slope. Under a long-term gravity, deformation of the slope gradually increases until catastrophic failure is triggered. The progressive deformation process of slope is summarized. Firstly, under strong earthquakes loading, a tensile fracture surface forms at the rear edge of the wavy deformation high and steep bedding slope. It reaches a certain critical depth and expands along the interlayer structural plane. Meantime, damaged fissures perpendicular to the structural plane also appear in the steep-gentle turning area of the slope. Secondly, under a coupling action of seismic loading and gravity, the interlaminar tensile crack surface at the rear edge of the slope extends to depth continuously. Meanwhile, rock fracture occurs in the steep-gentle turning area. The "two-way damage propagation" mode of the interlayer tensile crack surface occurs until the sliding surface is connected. However, due to the "locking section" effect of rock mass at the slope foot, it can still maintain a short-term stability. Thirdly, under the influences of the heavy rainfall before a landslide and the long-term gravity of the upper sliding mass, rock mass in the steep section at the slope foot breaks outward. Finally, a catastrophic landslide occurs.
| Bai, Y. Z., Xu, C., 2023. Qualitative Analyses of Correlations between Strong Ground Motions of the Three Large Earthquakes and Landslide Distributions. Journal of Earth Science, 34(2): 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1496-x |
| Bai, X. Q., Jian, J. H., He, S. M., et al., 2019. Dynamic Process of the Massive Xinmo Landslide, Sichuan (China), from Joint Seismic Signal and Morphodynamic Analysis. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78(5): 3269–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1360-0 |
| Bromhead, E. N., 2013. Reflections on the Residual Strength of Clay Soils, with Special Reference to Bedding-Controlled Landslides. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 46(2): 132–155. https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2012-078 |
| Castelli, F., Lentini, V., Ferraro, A., et al., 2018. Seismic Risk: Recent Developments for the Emergency Management. Annals of Geophysics, 61(2): SE220. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7705 |
| Chai, H. J., Liu, H. C., Zhang, Z. Y., 1995. Landslide Dams Induced by the Diexi Earthquake in 1933 and Its Environmental Effect. Journal Geological Hazards Environment Preservation, 6(1): 7–17 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Chen, W. K., Wang, D., Zhang, C., et al., 2022. Estimating Seismic Intensity Maps of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Madoi, Qinghai and Mw 6.1 Yangbi, Yunnan, China Earthquakes. Journal of Earth Science, 33(4): 839–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1586-9 |
| Chen, Z., Burchfiel, B. C., Liu, Y., et al., 2000. Global Positioning System Measurements from Eastern Tibet and Their Implications for India/Eurasia Intercontinental Deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 105(B7): 16215–16227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900092 |
| Cheng, H. L., Zhou, J. M., Chen, Z. Y., et al., 2021. A Comparative Study of the Seismic Performances and Failure Mechanisms of Slopes Using Dynamic Centrifuge Modeling. Journal of Earth Science, 32(5): 1166–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1481-4 |
| Curtis, W. D., Logan, J. D., Parker, W. A., 1982. Dimensional Analysis and the Pi Theorem. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 47: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(82)90229-4 |
| Dai, F. C., Xu, C., Yao, X., et al., 2011. Spatial Distribution of Landslides Triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(4): 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.010 |
| Dong, J., Zhang, L., Li, M. H., et al., 2018. Measuring Precursory Movements of the Recent Xinmo Landslide in Mao County, China with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Datasets. Landslides, 15(1): 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0914-8 |
| Dong, L. J., Wesseloo, J., Potvin, Y., et al., 2016. Discriminant Models of Blasts and Seismic Events in Mine Seismology. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 86: 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.04.021 |
| Du, X. L., Li, X., Chen, G. X., et al., 2012. Design and Test Verification of Suspension Multidirectional Laminar Shear Model Box. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 34(3): 424–432 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Fan, J. R., Zhang, X. Y., Su, F. H., et al., 2017. Geometrical Feature Analysis and Disaster Assessment of the Xinmo Landslide Based on Remote Sensing Data. Journal of Mountain Science, 14(9): 1677–1688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4633-3 |
| Fan, X. M., Xu, Q., Scaringi, G., et al., 2017. Failure Mechanism and Kinematics of the Deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo Landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan, China. Landslides, 14(6): 2129–2146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0907-7 |
| Fritsche, S., Fäh, D., 2009. The 1946 Magnitude 6.1 Earthquake in the Valais: Site-Effects as Contributor to the Damage. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 102(3): 423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-009-1340-2 |
| Gischig, V., Preisig, G., Eberhardt, E., 2016. Numerical Investigation of Seismically Induced Rock Mass Fatigue as a Mechanism Contributing to the Progressive Failure of Deep-Seated Landslides. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49(6): 2457–2478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0821-z |
| Hu, K. H., Wu, C. H., Tang, J. B., et al., 2018. New Understandings of the June 24th 2017 Xinmo Landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan, China. Landslides, 15(12): 2465–2474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1073-2 |
| Hu, X. W., Huang, R. Q., Shi, Y. B., et al., 2009. Analysis of Blocking River Mechanism of Tangjiashan Landslide and Dam-Breaking Mode of Its Barrier Dam. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 28(1): 181–189 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Huang, R. Q., Wang, Z., Pei, S. P., et al., 2009. Crustal Ductile Flow and Its Contribution to Tectonic Stress in Southwest China. Tectonophysics, 473(3/4): 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.04.001 |
| Huang, R. Q., 2009. Mechanism and Geo-Mechanical Modes of Landslide Hazards Triggered by Wenchuan 8.0 Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 28(6): 1239–1249 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2009.06.021 |
| Intrieri, E., Raspini, F., Fumagalli, A., et al., 2018. The Maoxian Landslide as Seen from Space: Detecting Precursors of Failure with Sentinel-1 Data. Landslides, 15(1): 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0915-7 |
| Jiang, L. W., Yao, L. K., Wu, W., et al., 2010. Transfer Function Analysis of Earthquake Simulation Shaking Table Model Test of Side Slopes. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 31(5): 1368–1374 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2010.05.004 |
| Jones, L. M., Han, W. B., Hauksson, E., et al., 1984. Focal Mechanisms and Aftershock Locations of the Songpan Earthquakes of August 1976 in Sichuan, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 89(B9): 7697–7707. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb089ib09p07697 |
| Lee, C. P., Tsai, Y. B., Wen, K. L., 2006. Analysis of Nonlinear Site Response Using the LSST Downhole Accelerometer Array Data. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(5): 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.10.005 |
| Liu, H. D., Zhao, Y. W., Dong, J. Y., et al., 2021. Experimental Study of the Dynamic Response and Failure Mode of Anti-Dip Rock Slopes. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(8): 6583–6596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02313-3 |
| Liu, Y. Q., 2017. Study on Cumulative Damage Evolution Mechanism and Stability of Bedding Rock Slope in Reservoir Area under Frequent Micro-Seismic: [Dissertation]. Chongqing University, Chongqing (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Louis, B., 1957. The Pi Theorem of Dimensional Analysis. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 1(1): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00297994 |
| Ma, S. Y., Xu, C., 2019. Applicability of Two Newmark Models in the Assessment of Coseismic Landslide Hazard and Estimation of Slope-Failure Probability: An Example of the 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 Earthquake Affected Area. Journal of Earth Science, 30(5): 1020–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-019-0874-0 |
| Ma, S. Y., Xu, C., Shao, X. Y., et al., 2019. Geometric and Kinematic Features of a Landslide in Mabian Sichuan, China, Derived from UAV Photography. Landslides, 16(2): 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1104-z |
| Nakata, N., Snieder, R., Kuroda, S., et al., 2013. Monitoring a Building Using Deconvolution Interferometry. Ⅰ: Earthquake-Data Analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(3): 1662–1678 doi: 10.1785/0120120291 |
| Pei, X. J., Guo, B., Cui, S. H., et al., 2018. On the Initiation, Movement and Deposition of a Large Landslide in Maoxian County, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 15(6): 1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4627-1 |
| Qian, H., Zhou, R. J., Ma, S. H., et al., 1999. South Segment of Minjiang Fault and Diexi Earthquake in 1933. Earthquake Research in China, 15(4): 333–338 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Shao, C. J., Li, Y., Lan, H. X., et al., 2019. The Role of Active Faults and Sliding Mechanism Analysis of the 2017 Maoxian Postseismic Landslide in Sichuan, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78(8): 5635–5651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01480-8 |
| Snieder, R., Nakata, N., 2014. Monitoring a Building Using Deconvolution Interferometry. Ⅱ: Ambient-Vibration Analysis. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104 (1): 204-213 doi: 10.1785/0120130050 |
| Tang, M. G., Xu, Q., Zhang, W., et al., 2011. Discuss Failure Mechanism and Geologic Characteristics of Woqian Landslide Triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 30(S2): 3491–3502 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Tong, D. F., Su, A. J., Tan, F., et al., 2023. Genetic Mechanism of Water-Rich Landslide Considering Antecedent Rainfalls: A Case Study of Pingyikou Landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Journal of Earth Science, 34(6): 1878–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1722-1 |
| Wang, E., Meng, Q. R., 2009. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Longmenshan Fault Belt. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 52(5): 579–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0053-8 |
| Wang, J., 2010. Research on Damage Mechanism under Earthquake and Seismic Technique of Subgrade Engineering: [Dissertation]. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wang, Y. S., Huang, R. Q., Luo, Y. H., et al., 2011. The Genetic Mechanism of Wenchuan Earthquake. Journal of Mountain Science, 8(2): 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2096-5 |
| Wang, Y. S., Zhao, B., Li, J., 2018. Mechanism of the Catastrophic June 2017 Landslide at Xinmo Village, Songping River, Sichuan Province, China. Landslides, 15(2): 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0927-3 |
| Wartman, J., 1999. Physical Model Studies of Seismically Induced Deformation in Slopes: [Dissertation]. Dissertation of University of California, Berkeley |
| Wen, T., Tang, H. M., Huang, L., et al., 2020. Energy Evolution: A New Perspective on the Failure Mechanism of Purplish-Red Mudstones from the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Engineering Geology, 264: 105350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105350 |
| Wen, T., Tang, H. M., Ma, J. W., et al., 2019. Energy Analysis of the Deformation and Failure Process of Sandstone and Damage Constitutive Model. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23(2): 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0789-9 |
| Wu, Z. J., Zhang, D., Wang, S. N., et al., 2020a. Dynamic-Response Characteristics and Deformation Evolution of Loess Slopes under Seismic Loads. Engineering Geology, 267: 105507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105507 |
| Wu, Z. J., Zhao, D. Y., Che, A. L., et al., 2020b. Dynamic Response Characteristics and Failure Mode of Slopes on the Loess Tableland Using a Shaking-Table Model Test. Landslides, 17(7): 1561–1575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01373-y. |
| Xia, S. Y., Zhang, C. F., Zhang, M. Z., 1980. Discussion on Several Issues of Dynamic Structure Model Similar Conditions. Journal of Hohai University, 1: 59–72 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Xu, Q., Dong, X. J., Deng, M. L., et al., 2010. The Ermanshan Rock Slide-Debris Flow of July 27, 2010 in Hanyuan, Sichuan: Characteristics and Failure Mechanism. Journal of Engineering Geology, 18(5): 609–62. (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Xu, Q., Li, W. L., Dong, X. J., et al., 2017. The Xinmocun Landslide on June 24, 2017, in Maoxian, Sichuan: Characteristics and Failure Mechanism. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 36(11): 2612–2628 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Yang, G. X., Qi, S. W., Wu, F. Q., et al., 2018. Seismic Amplification of the Anti-Dip Rock Slope and Deformation Characteristics: A Large-Scale Shaking Table Test. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 115: 907–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.09.010 |
| Yang, J. T., Xu, C., Jin, X., 2023. Joint Effects and Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Driving Factors of Landslides in Earthquake Areas. Journal of Earth Science, 34(2): 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1465-4 |
| Yin, Y. P., Cheng, Y. L., Liang, J. T., et al., 2016. Heavy-Rainfall-Induced Catastrophic Rockslide-Debris Flow at Sanxicun, Dujiangyan, after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. Landslides, 13(1): 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0554-9 |
| Yin, Y. P., Wang, W. P., Zhang, N., et al., 2017. The June 2017 Maoxian Landslide: Geological Disaster in an Earthquake Area after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. Science China Technological Sciences, 60(11): 1762–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9148-2 |
| Zhao, L. Y., Huang, Y., Hu, H. Q., 2020. Stochastic Seismic Response of a Slope Based on Large-Scale Shaking-Table Tests. Engineering Geology, 277: 105782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105782 |
| Zhao, S. Y., Chigira, M., Wu, X. Y., 2018. Buckling Deformations at the 2017 Xinmo Landslide Site and nearby Slopes, Maoxian, Sichuan, China. Engineering Geology, 246: 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.09.033 |
| Zhu, C. Y., Yu, S. C., 2001. Study on the Criterion of Rock Mass Damage Caused by Blasting. Engineering Blasting, 1: 12–16 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zhu, L., Cui, S. H., Pei, X. J., et al., 2021. Experimental Investigation on the Seismically Induced Cumulative Damage and Progressive Deformation of the 2017 Xinmo Landslide in China. Landslides, 18(4): 1485–1498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01608-y |
Figures(18) / Tables(4)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
