Citation: | Ali Murat Kilic. Note on Lower Triassic Gondolelloid Conodont Rediversifications with Emphasis on the Spathian Recovery. Journal of Earth Science, 2024, 35(4): 1236-1242. doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1954-8 |
Conodonts, as a biotic group, next to ammonoids, pollen and spores, crustaceans and vertebrates, provide proxy clues for environment and age assessments of the rocks in which they occur. Conodonts are widely used for Triassic marine biostratigraphy. However, there are various discussions about their multielement taxonomy and evolutionary lineages (e.g., generation, speciation). Although first studies reported that most Triassic conodont species were unimembrate, studies carried out in the following years maintained that all Triassic conodonts were multimembrate. Although statistical reconstructions of a number of Triassic apparatuses were attempted, the discovery of fused clusters and natural assemblages has subsequently demonstrated that Triassic conodonts are indeed multimembrate, and all of the elements exist together in the same apparatus. The present paper aims to clarify the evolutionary relationship and array of some Lower Triassic conodonts.
Balini, M., Gavrilova, V. A., Nicora, A., 2000. Biostratigraphical Revision of the Classic Lower Dolnapa Section (Mangyshlak, West Kazakhstan). In: Bachmann, G. H., Lerche, I., eds., Epicontinental Triassic. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller) Stuttgart. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, 3(11/12): 1441–1462 |
Brosse, M., Bucher, H., Goudemand, N., 2016. Quantitative Biochronology of the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China Based on Conodont Unitary Associations. Earth Science Reviews, 155: 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.02.003 |
Budurov, K. J., Stefanov, S., 1972. Platform-Conodonten und ihre Zonen in der Mittleren Trias Bulgariens. Mitt. Ges. Geol. Bergbaustud, 21: 829–852 |
Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N., 1989. New Conodont Taxa from the Middle Triassic. In: Gupta, V. J., ed., Geology of Himalayas: Palaeontology, Stratigraphy and Structure. Contribution to Himalayan Geology, 4: 250–254 |
Budurov, K. J., Sudar, M. N., 1994. Borinella Budurov and Stefanov Nomen Novum for the Triassic Conodont Genus Kozurella Budurov and Sudar, 1993. Geologica Balcanica, 24(3): 30. https://doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.24.3.30 |
Chen, Y., 2015. A Multi-Method Study on Triassic Conodonts: [Dissertation]. Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Graz. 219 |
Dagis, A. A., 1984. Early Triassic Conodonts of Northern Middle Siberia. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Branch, Institute of Geology & Geophysics Transactions, 554: 1–69 |
Dzik, J., 1976. Remarks on the Evolution of Ordovician Conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 21(4): 395–455 |
Eichenberg, W., 1930. Conodonten Aus Dem Culm des Harzes. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 12(3): 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044446 |
Golding, M., 2014. Biostratigraphy and Sedimentology of Triassic Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rocks in Northeastern British Columbia: [Dissertation]. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 402 |
Golding, M. L., 2021. Early Anisian (Middle Triassic) Conodonts from Romania and China, with Comments on Their Role in the Recognition and Correlation of the Base of the Anisian. Journal of Earth Science, 32(3): 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1392-9 |
Guex, J., 2016. Retrograde Evolution During Major Extinction Crises. SpringerBriefs in Evolutionary Biology, Heidelberg. 77. |
Hirsch, F., 1994. Triassic Multielement Conodonts Versus Eustatic Cycles. In: Guex, J., Baud, A., eds., Recent Developments on Triassic Stratigraphy. Mémoires de Géologie de Lausanne, 22: 35–52 |
Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Ishida, K., et al., 2016. Proteromorphosis of Neospathodus (Conodonta) during the Permian–Triassic Crisis and Recovery. Revue De Micropaléontologie, 59(1): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2016.01.003 |
Kilic, A. M., Plasencia, P., Guex, J., et al., 2017. Challenging Darwin: Evolution of Triassic Conodonts and Their Struggle for Life in a Changing World. Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 333–389. |
Kilic, A. M., Guex, J., Hirsch, F., 2020. Proteromorphosis in Early Triassic Conodonts. Guex, J., Torday, J. S., Miller, W. B., eds., Morphogenesis, Environmental Stress and Reverse Evolution. Springer International Publishing, Cham. 59–96. |
Kilic, A. M., Hirsch, F., 2019. Siberigondolella Gen. Nov., a Boreal Early Triassic Lanceolate Conodont. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 43(5): 536–539. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1904-42 |
Klets, T. V., 1998. New Species of Conodonts from the Lower Triassic of the Kolyma River Watershed. Journal Geologiya i Geofisika, 39: 113–122 (in Russian) |
Klets, T. V., 2004. Palaeobiogeographic Zoning of Triassic Seas of Northeastern Asia Based on Conodontophoridae. Albertiana, 32: 40–56 (in Russian) |
Klets, T. V., Kopylova, S., 2006. New Discovers of Triassic Conodontophorids in North-Eastern Asia. Journal Geologiya i Geofisika, 47(8): 95–105 (in Russian) |
Klets, T. V., Kopylova, S., 2007. The Problem of Triassic Gondolellid Conodont Systematics (Conodontophorida, Conodonta). In: Lucas, S. G., Spielmann, J. A., eds., The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque. 131–133 |
Klets, T. V., Yadrenkin, A. V., 2001. Lower Triassic Conodonts from Kotelny Island (Taxonomic Composition, Correlation). Novosti Paleontologii i Stratigrafii, 4: 14–21 |
Kolar-Jurkovšek, T., 1983. Middle Triassic Conodonts from Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia). Rudarsko-Metalurski Zbornik, 30: 323–364. |
Kovacs, S., Kozur, H., 1980. Some Remarks on Middle and Upper Triassic Platform Conodonts. Recent Researchs in Geology, 5: 541–581 |
Kozur, H., 1998. Problems for Evaluation of the Scenario of the Permian-Triassic Boundary Biotic Crisis and of Its Causes. Geologia Croatica, 51: 135–162 |
Kozur, H., Mostler, H., 1982. Neue Conodonarten aus dem Illyr und Fassan der Profile Fellbach und Karalm (Gailtaler Alpen, Kärnten, Österreich). Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 11: 291–298 (in German) |
Krystyn, L., Bhargava, O. N., Richoz, S., 2007. A candidate GSSP for the Olenekian Stage: Mud at Pin Valley; district Rahul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya), India. Albertiana, 35: 5–29 |
Kuzmin, S. P., Klets, T. V., 1990. On Biostratigraphy of Lower Triassic Deposits of the Shevli River Basin. In: Abstracts of the Fourth FE RMSS, Khabarovsk. 146–147 |
Lindström, M., 1970. A Suprageneric Taxonomy of the Conodonts. Lethaia, 3(4): 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1970.tb00834.x |
Mosher, L. C., 1968. Triassic Conodonts from Western North America and Europe and Their Correlation. Journal of Paleontology, 42(4): 895–946 |
Muttoni, G., Gaetani, M., Budurov, K., et al., 2000. Middle Triassic Paleomagnetic Data from Northern Bulgaria: Constraints on Tethyan Magnetostratigraphy and Paleogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160(3/4): 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00070-5 |
Nakrem, H. A., Orchard, M. J., Weitschat, W., et al., 2008. Triassic Conodonts from Svalbard and Their Boreal Correlations. Polar Research, 27(3): 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00076.x |
Nicora, A., 1977. Lower Anisian Platform-Conodonts from the Tethys and Nevada; Taxonomic and Stratigraphic Revision. Palaeontographica, 157: 88–107 |
Nicora, A., Kovacs, S., 1984. Conodont Fauna from the Rotelliforme, Meeki and Occidentalis Zones (Middle Triassic) of Humboldt Range, Nevada, Western-North America. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 90(2): 135–164. |
Orchard, M. J., 2005. Multielement Conodont Apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 73: 73–101 |
Orchard, M. J., 2008. Lower Triassic Conodonts from the Canadian Arctic, Their Intercalibration with Ammonoid-Based Stages and a Comparison with Other North American Olenekian Faunas. Polar Research, 27(3): 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00072.x |
Orchard, M. J., Rieber, H., 1999, Multielement Neogondolella (Conodonta, Upper Permian–Middle Triassic). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 37(2/3): 475–488. https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-21-2018 |
Orchard, M. J., Tozer, E. T., 1997. Triassic Conodont Biochronology, Its Calibration with the Ammonoid Standard, and a Biostratigraphic Summary for the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 45: 675–692. https://doi.org/10.35767/gscpgbull.45.4.675 |
Orchard, M. J., 2021. North American Spathian (Upper Olenekian, Lower Triassic) Neogondolellin Conodonts. Papers in Palaeontology, 8(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1409 |
Pevný, J., Salaj, J., 1997. The Anisian-Ladinian Boundary at Zakázané (Slovak Karst, Western Carpathians). Zemní Plyn a Nafta, 42(2): 97–149 |
Rafek, M. B., 1977. Platform Conodonts from the Middle Triassic Upper Muschelkalk of West Germany and NE France: [Dissertation]. Universität Bonn, Bonn. 86 |
Shigeta, Y., Zakharov. Y., Maeda, H., et al., 2009. The Lower Triassic System in the Abrek Bay Area, South Primorye, Russia. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 38: 218 |
Stauffer, C. F., Plummer, H. J., 1932. Texas Pennsylvanian Conodonts and Their Stratigraphic Relations. University of Texas Bulletin, 3201: 13–50 |
Sudar, M. N., 1986. Triassic Microfossils and Biostratigraphy of the Inner Dinarides between Gučevo and Ljubišnja Mts., Yugoslavia. Geološki anali Balkanskoga poluostrva, 50: 151–394 (in Serbo-Croatian) |
Sun, Z., Liu, S., Ji, C., Jiang, D., et al., 2021. Gondolelloid Multielement Conodont Apparatus (Scythogondolella) from the Lower Triassic of Jiangsu, East China, Revealed by High-Resolution X-Ray Microtomography. Palaeoworld, 30(2): 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2020.06.001 |
Sweet, W. C., 1970. Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic Conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges-West Pakistan. In: Kummel, B., Teichert C., eds., Stratigraphic Boundary Problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. University of Kansas, Department of Geology Special Publications, 4: 207–275 |
Trammer, J., 1975. Stratigraphy and Facies Development of the Muschelkalk in the South-Western Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica, 25(2): 179–216 |
Zawidzka, K., 1975. Conodont Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Environment of the Muschelkalk in Upper Silesia. Acta Geologica Polonica, 25(2): 217–257 |