| Citation: | Tariq Aziz, Xiangquan Li, Xinong Xie, Jianye Ren, Jianan Wu, Xiayun Quan. A Large-Scale T2 (Late Cretaceous Turonian) Polygonal-Fault System Influenced by Regional Tectonic Stress in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Journal of Earth Science, 2025, 36(2): 584-596. doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0048-6
|
The Songliao Basin in northeast China is one of the largest petroliferous basins worldwide, and features the T2 fault system, which consists of numerous minor extensional normal faults. This study combines high-resolution 3D seismic datasets to detail the characteristics of the T2 fault system, contributing two key findings: (1) The T2 faults are confirmed as polygonal fault systems, characterized by closely spaced, layer-bounded faults with small throws, high dip angles, and random orientations, forming intricate polygonal networks. (2) The study reveals the influence of tectonic stresses on the fault system, showing spatial variations across different tectonic units. In depressions, T2 faults exhibit short lengths, small throws, high density, and multiple directions. In contrast, in inverted anticline belts, they have longer lengths, bigger throws, higher density, and concordant orientations. These variations demonstrate the impact of tectonic inversion on the development of T2 faults. The significance of this research lies in presenting a typical polygonal fault system developed in a deep lake succession and was superposed the influence by regional tectonic stress coeval with its development. The new insights facilitate a reevaluation of the T2 fault system's role in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation within the Songliao Basin.
| Bünz, S., Mienert, J., Berndt, C., 2003. Geological Controls on the Storegga Gas-Hydrate System of the Mid-Norwegian Continental Margin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 209(3/4): 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00097-9 |
| Cartwright, J. A., 1994. Episodic Basin-Wide Hydrofracturing of Overpressured Early Cenozoic Mudrock Sequences in the North Sea Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 11(5): 587–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(94)90070-1 |
| Cartwright, J. A., Dewhurst, D. N., 1998. Layer-Bound Compaction Faults in Fine-Grained Sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110(10): 1242–1257. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)1101242:lbcfif>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)1101242:lbcfif>2.3.co;2 |
| Cartwright, J. A., Lonergan, L., 1996. Volumetric Contraction during the Compaction of Mudrocks: A Mechanism for the Development of Regional-Scale Polygonal Fault Systems. Basin Research, 8(2): 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01536.x |
| Cartwright, J., James, D., Bolton, A., 2003. The Genesis of Polygonal Fault Systems: A Review. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216(1): 223–243. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.216.01.15 |
| Cartwright, J., Lonergan, L., 1997. Seismic Expression of Layer-Bound Fault Systems of the Eromanga and North Sea Basins. Exploration Geophysics, 28(3): 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1071/eg997323 |
| Cartwright, J., Wattrus, N., Rausch, D., et al., 2004. Recognition of an Early Holocene Polygonal Fault System in Lake Superior: Implications for the Compaction of Fine-Grained Sediments. Geology, 32(3): 253. https://doi.org/10.1130/g20121.1 |
| Chen, X., Li, Z. Q., Chen, J. L., et al., 2010. Determination of the Reverse Period of Songliao Basin, China. Geological Bulletin of China, 29: 305–311 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Chen, Z. N., Chen, B. K., 1996. Inversion Structures and Their Relationship to Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Songliao Basin (in Chinese). Journal of Chendu Institute of Technology, 23: 50–57 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Chi, Y. L., Xiao, D. M., Yin, J. Y., 2000. The Injection Pattern of Oil and Gas Migration and Accumulation in the Sanzhao Area of Songliao Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 74: 372–378 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Davis, G. A., Wang, C., Zheng, Y. D., et al., 1998. The Enigmatic Yinshan Fold-and-Thrust Belt of Northern China: New Views on Its Intraplate Contractional Styles. Geology, 26(1): 4346. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0043:teyfat>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0043:teyfat>2.3.co;2 |
| Dewhurst, D. N., Cartwright, J. A., Lonergan, L., 1999. The Development of Polygonal Fault Systems by Syneresis of Colloidal Sediments. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16(8): 793–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(99)00035-5 |
| Dewhurst, D. N., Cartwright, J. A., Lonergan, L., 1999. Three-Dimensional Consolidation of Fine-Grained Sediments. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(2): 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-101 |
| Ding, X. J., Liu, G. D., Sun, M. L., et al., 2013. Origin of Polygonal Fault Systems: A Case from the Sanzhao Sag in the Songliao Basin, East China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40(3): 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(13)60040-3 |
| Feng, Z. Q., Jia, C. Z., Xie, X. N., et al., 2010. Tectonostratigraphic Units and Stratigraphic Sequences of the Nonmarine Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Basin Research, 22(1): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00445.x |
| Fu, G., Wang, C., 2011. Effect of Fault Condensed Belts on Oil Migration and Accumulation in Combination of Upper Source Rocks and Lower Reservoirs-An Example of Fuyu, Yadachengzi Oil Layer in Sanzhao Depression of Songliao Basin. Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology, 30: 21–26 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Fu, G., Wang, Y. G., Yuan, D. W., 2010. Source Faults of F, Y Oil Layer in Sanzhao Depression and Its Control to Oil Accumulation. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 31: 762–766 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Fu, X. F., Song, Y., 2008. Nontectonic Mechanism of Polygonal "T11" Faults in the Sanzhao Sag of Songliao Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82: 738–749 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Gao, R., Cai, X., 1997. Hydrocarbon Formation Conditions and Distribution Rules in the Songliao Basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Gay, A., Lopez, M., Cochonat, P., et al., 2004. Polygonal Faults-Furrows System Related to Early Stages of Compaction–Upper Miocene to Recent Sediments of the Lower Congo Basin. Basin Research, 16(1): 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2003.00224.x |
| Gay, A., Lopez, M., Cochonat, P., et al., 2006. Evidences of Early to Late Fluid Migration from an Upper Miocene Turbiditic Channel Revealed by 3D Seismic Coupled to Geochemical Sampling within Seafloor Pockmarks, Lower Congo Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23(3): 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.02.004 |
| Goulty, N. R., 2002. Mechanics of Layer-Bound Polygonal Faulting in Fine-Grained Sediments. Journal of the Geological Society, 159(3): 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764901-111 |
| Goulty, N. R., 2008. Geomechanics of Polygonal Fault Systems: A Review. Petroleum Geoscience, 14(4): 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079308-781 |
| Goulty, N. R., Swarbrick, R. E., 2005. Development of Polygonal Fault Systems: A Test of Hypotheses. Journal of the Geological Society, 162(4): 587–590. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764905-004 |
| Hansen, D. M., Cartwright, J., 2006. The Three-Dimensional Geometry and Growth of Forced Folds above Saucer-Shaped Igneous Sills. Journal of Structural Geology, 28(8): 1520–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.04.004 |
| Hansen, D. M., Shimeld, J. W., Williamson, M. A., et al., 2004. Development of a Major Polygonal Fault System in Upper Cretaceous Chalk and Cenozoic Mudrocks of the Sable Subbasin, Canadian Atlantic Margin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(9): 1205–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.07.004 |
| Hao, F., Zou, H. Y., Fang, Y., et al., 2004. Overpressure-Fault Controlled Fluid Flow and Episodic Hydrocarbon Accumulation. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 25: 38–43 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| He, C. B., Tang, L. J., Huang, D. L., et al., 2010. Polygonal Faults in the Sanzhao Sag of the Songliao Basin: Their Significance in Hydrocarbon Accumulation. Mining Science and Technology (China), 20(2): 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1674-5264(09)60202-7 |
| Henriet, J. P., Batist, D., Verschuren, M., 1991. Early Fracturing of Palaeogene Clays, Southernmost North Sea: Relevance to Mechanisms of Primary Hydrocarbonmigration. Accumulation and Production of Europe's Hydrocarbons. Oxford University Press, Oxford |
| Hu, W. S., 1995. "T2" Faults System and Early Qingshankou Stretched Rifting in Songliao Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 22: 8–12 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Hu, W. S., Cai, C. F., Wu, Z. Y., et al., 1998. Structural Style and Its Relation to Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 15(1): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(97)00054-8 |
| Kravchinsky, V. A., Cogne, J. P., Harbert, W. P., et al., 2002. Evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean as Constrained by New Palaeomagnetic Data from the Mongol-Okhotsk Suture Zone, Siberia. Geophysical Journal International, 148(1): 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01557.x |
| Li, D. S., 1996. Basic Characteristics of Oil and Gas Basins in China. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 13: 299–304 (in Chinesewith English Abstract) |
| Li, S. T., Yang, S., Xie, X., 1997. Tectonic Evolution of Tertiary Basins in Circum-Pacific Belt of China and Their Geodynamic Setting. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 8(1): 4–10 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Liu, D. L., Chen, F. J., Wen, X. Q., 1996. Analysis on the Origin of T2 Post-Rift Formations in Songliao Basin. Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, 20: 23–27 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Lonergan, L., Cartwright, J., Jolly, R., 1998. The Geometry of Polygonal Fault Systems in Tertiary Mudrocks of the North Sea. Journal of Structural Geology, 20(5): 529–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00113-2 |
| Ma, X. Y., 1987. China Lithosphere Dynamics. Geology Press, Beijing (in Chinese) |
| Maruyama, S., Send, T., 1986. Orogeny and Relative Plate Motions: Example of the Japanese Islands. Tectonophysics, 127(3): 305–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90067-3 |
| Mei, L. F., Fei, Q., Xu, S. H., 1996. Natural Hydraulic Fault Systems of "T2" Sequence in Songliao Basin. Earth Science, 21: 632 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Ostanin, I., Anka, Z., di Primio, R., et al., 2012. Identification of a Large Upper Cretaceous Polygonal Fault Network in the Hammerfest Basin: Implications on the Reactivation of Regional Faulting and Gas Leakage Dynamics, SW Barents Sea. Marine Geology, 332/333/334: 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.03.005 |
| Quan, X. Y., Li, X. Q., Ren, J. R., et al., 2015. Polygonal Faulting and Petroleum Geological Significance of Qn1 Formation in the Sanzhao Sag, Songliao Basin. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 39(2): 260–272 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Song, T. G., 1997. Inversion Styles in the Songliao Basin (Northeast China) and Estimation of the Degree of Inversion. Tectonophysics, 283(1/2/3/4): 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00147-9 |
| Song, Y., Ren, J. Y., Stepashko, A. A., et al., 2014. Post-Rift Geodynamics of the Songliao Basin, NE China: Origin and Significance of T11 (Coniacian) Unconformity. Tectonophysics, 634: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.07.023 |
| Stepashko, A. A., 2006. The Cretaceous Dynamics of the Pacific Plate and Stages of Magmatic Activity in Northeastern Asia. Geotectonics, 40(3): 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1134/s001685210603006x |
| Sun, Q. L., Wu, S. G., Lü, F. L., et al., 2010. Polygonal Faults and Their Implications for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Southern Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39(5): 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.002 |
| Sun, Q. L., Wu, S. G., Yao, G. S., et al., 2009. Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Polygonal Faults in Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea. Journal of Earth Science, 20(1): 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-009-0018-z |
| Sun, Y. H., Chen, Y. B., Sun, J. G., et al., 2013, Evolutionary Sequence of Faults and the Formation of inversion Structural Belts in the Northern Songliao Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40: 275–283 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Tian, Z. Y., Han, P., 1993. Structure Analysis and Formation Mechanism of Meso-Cenozoic Basin in East China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 20: 1–8 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Victor, P., Moretti, I., 2006. Polygonal Fault Systems and Channel Boudinage: 3D Analysis of Multidirectional Extension in Analogue Sandbox Experiments. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23(7): 777–789 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.06.004 |
| Wang, X. J., Wu, S. G., Wang, D. W., et al., 2010. The Role of Polygonal Faults in Fluid Migration and Gas Hydrate Reservoir Forming in Southeast Hainan Basin. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 45: 122–128 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Watson, M. P., Hayward, A. B., Parkinson, D. N., et al., 1987. Plate Tectonic History, Basin Development and Petroleum Source Rock Deposition Onshore China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 4(3): 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90045-6 |
| Wu, S. G., Sun, Q. L., Dong, D. D., 2008. The Geometrical Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Polygonal Faults in Deep-Water Basin. Journal of Geomechanics, 14: 231–240 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wu, S. G., Sun, Q. L., Wu, T. Y., et al., 2009. Polygonal Fault and Oil-Gas Accumulation in Deep-Water Area of Qiongdongnan Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 30: 22–26 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Xie, Z. H., Fu, X. F., 2013. The Genetic Mechanism and Accumulation Mechanism of "T2" Fault Dense Zone in Songliao Basin: In Sanzhao Depression. Chinese Journal of Geology, 48: 891–907 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Yang, B. J., Zhang, M. S., Wang, P. J., 2003. Geological-Geophysical Analytic Interpretation on Oil and Gas Potential Region of China (Vol. 1). Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese) |
| Yang, W. L., Li, Y. K., Gao, R. Q., et al., 1985. Formation and Evolution of Nonmarine Petroleum in Songliao Basin, China. AAPG Bulletin, 69: 1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1306/ad462b8c-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d |
| Yo-Ichiro, O., Matsuda, T. R., Enami, K., et al., 2003. Late Cretaceous Palaeomagnetic Results from Sikhote Alin, Far Eastern Russia: Tectonic Implications for the Eastern Margin of the Mongolia Block. Geophysical Journal International, 152(1): 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01842.x |
| Yu, Y. X., Tang, L. J., Song, C. L., 2005. Study on Polygonal Fault Systems. Global Geology, 24: 149–153 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zhang, G. C., Xu, H., Liu, H. F., et al., 1996. Inversion Structures in Relation to Oil and Gas Field Distribution in Songliao Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 17: 9–14 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zheng, Y. D., Davis, G. A., Wang, Z., et al., 1998. Study on Daqingshan Mega Thrusting Tectonics in Inner Mongolia. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 28(4): 289–295 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
Figures(9) / Tables(2)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
