| Citation: | Xiaolin Wang, Xiaomin Zhu, Jin Lai, Xingyue Lin. Heterogeneous Characteristics of Various Lamina Assemblages in Shales of Shahejie Formation of the Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1217-1234. doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0054-8
|
The Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua sag of the Bohai Bay Basin has abundant shale oil resources. However, lacustrine shale is heterogeneous in mineralogy, sedimentary structure, organic matter, pore structure, paleoenvironment, and oil content. Therefore, the laminae assemblages are divided into laminated (lamina thickness of < 0.01 m), layered (0.01–0.1 m) and massive (no layer or layer spacing of > 0.1 m) types shale to investigate the core, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin section, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), N2 adsorption and geochemical experiments. The results show that the oil shale of the Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua sag is abundant in calcite. The TOC content ranges between 1.35% and 5.55%. Rock-Eval
| Algeo, T. J., Liu, J. S., 2020. A Re-Assessment of Elemental Proxies for Paleoredox Analysis. Chemical Geology, 540: 119549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119549 |
| Algeo, T. J., Tribovillard, N., 2009. Environmental Analysis of Paleoceanographic Systems Based on Molybdenum-Uranium Covariation. Chemical Geology, 268(3/4): 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.001 |
| Andrews, I. J., 2013. The Carboniferous Bowland Shale Gas Study: Geology and Resource Estimation. British Geological Survey for Department of Energy and Climate Change, London. 64 |
| Aplin, A. C., MacQuaker, J. H. S., 2011. Mudstone Diversity: Origin and Implications for Source, Seal, and Reservoir Properties in Petroleum Systems. AAPG Bulletin, 95(12): 2031–2059. https://doi.org/10.1306/03281110162 |
| Badics, B., Vető, I., 2012. Source Rocks and Petroleum Systems in the Hungarian Part of the Pannonian Basin: The Potential for Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 31(1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.08.015 |
| Bąk, K., 2007. Organic-Rich and Manganese Sedimentation during the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event in the Outer Carpathian Basins; A New Record from the Skole Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256(1/2): 21–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.001 |
| Cander, H., 2012. What are Unconventional Resources? A Simple Definition Using Viscosity and Permeability. AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, Long Beach, CA, United States |
| Cao, J., Lei, D., Li, Y., Tang, et al., 2015. Ancient High-Quality Alkaline Lacustrine Source Rocks Discovered in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation, Junggar Basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 36(7): 781–790 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
|
Charpentier, R. R., Cook, T. A., 2011. USGS Methodology for Assessing Continuous Petroleum Resources. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1167. U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey. |
| Curtis, M. E., Cardott, B. J., Sondergeld, C. H., et al., 2012. Development of Organic Porosity in the Woodford Shale with Increasing Thermal Maturity. International Journal of Coal Geology, 103: 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.08.004 |
| Dembicki, H. Jr., 2009. Three Common Source Rock Evaluation Errors Made by Geologists during Prospect or Play Appraisals. AAPG Bulletin, 93(3): 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1306/10230808076 |
| Dymond, J., Suess, E., Lyle, M., 1992. Barium in Deep-Sea Sediment: A Geochemical Proxy for Paleoproductivity. Paleoceanography, 7(2): 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1029/92pa00181 |
| Elderfield, H., Greaves, M. J., 1982. The Rare Earth Elements in Seawater. Nature, 296(5854): 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/296214a0 |
| Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M., 1995. Unraveling the Effects of Potassium Metasomatism in Sedimentary Rocks and Paleosols, with Implications for Paleoweathering Conditions and Provenance. Geology, 23(10): 921. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)0230921:uteopm>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)0230921:uteopm>2.3.co;2 |
| Fishman, N. S., Hackley, P. C., Lowers, H. A., et al., 2012. The Nature of Porosity in Organic-Rich Mudstones of the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, North Sea, Offshore United Kingdom. International Journal of Coal Geology, 103: 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.07.012 |
| Furmann, A., Mastalerz, M., Schimmelmann, A., et al., 2014. Relationships between Porosity, Organic Matter, and Mineral Matter in Mature Organic-Rich Marine Mudstones of the Belle Fourche and Second White Specks Formations in Alberta, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 54: 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.02.020 |
| Galarraga, F., Reategui, K., Martïnez, A., et al., 2008. V/Ni Ratio as a Parameter in Palaeoenvironmental Characterisation of Nonmature Medium-Crude Oils from Several Latin American Basins. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 61(1): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2007.10.001 |
| Gao, G., Titi, A., Yang, S. R., et al., 2017. Geochemistry and Depositional Environment of Fresh Lacustrine Source Rock: A Case Study from the Triassic Baijiantan Formation Shales in Junggar Basin, Northwest China. Organic Geochemistry, 113: 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.08.002 |
| Hackley, P. C., Ryder, R. T., 2021. Organic Geochemistry and Petrology of Devonian Shale in Eastern Ohio: Implications for Petroleum Systems Assessment. AAPG Bulletin, 105(3): 543–573. https://doi.org/10.1306/08192019076 |
| Hatch, J. R., Leventhal, J. S., 1992. Relationship between Inferred Redox Potential of the Depositional Environment and Geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U. S. A. Chemical Geology, 99(1/2/3): 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90031-Y |
| He, J. H., Ding, W. L., Jiang, Z. X., et al., 2017. Mineralogical and Chemical Distribution of the Es3L Oil Shale in the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin (E China): Implications for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction and Organic Matter Accumulation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 81: 196–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.01.007 |
| Hester, R. E., Harrison, R. M., 2015. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 39. Fracking. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 228 |
| Hill, R. J., Jarvie, D. M., Zumberge, J., et al., 2007. Oil and Gas Geochemistry and Petroleum Systems of the Fort Worth Basin. AAPG Bulletin, 91(4): 445–473. https://doi.org/10.1306/11030606014 |
| Huang, J., Ma, C. Q., Zhang, S. H., et al., 2024. Characteristics, Distribution Patterns, and Classification of Volcanic Reservoirs in the Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China. Journal of Earth Science, 35(5): 1464–1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1781-3 |
|
Jarvie, D. M., 2012. Shale Resource Systems for Oil and Gas: Part 1—Shale-Gas Resource Systems. Shale Reservoirs—Giant Resources for the 21st Century. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa. |
| Jarvie, D. M., Hill, R. J., Ruble, T. E., et al., 2007. Unconventional Shale-Gas Systems: The Mississippian Barnett Shale of North-Central Texas as One Model for Thermogenic Shale-Gas Assessment. AAPG Bulletin, 91(4): 475–499. https://doi.org/10.1306/12190606068 |
| Jia, C. Z., Zou, C. N., Yang, Z., et al., 2018. Significant Progress of Continental Petroleum Geology Theory in Basins of Central and Western China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(4): 546–560 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Jones, B., Manning, D. A. C., 1994. Comparison of Geochemical Indices Used for the Interpretation of Palaeoredox Conditions in Ancient Mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111(1/2/3/4): 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X |
| Klaver, J., Desbois, G., Littke, R., et al., 2015. BIB-SEM Characterization of Pore Space Morphology and Distribution in Postmature to Overmature Samples from the Haynesville and Bossier Shales. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 59: 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.09.020 |
| Lai, J., Wang, G. W., Fan, Q. X., et al., 2022. Geophysical Well-Log Evaluation in the Era of Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources: A Review on Current Status and Prospects. Surveys in Geophysics, 43(3): 913–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09705-4 |
| Lai, J., Wang, G. W., Fan, Z. Y., et al., 2018. Fractal Analysis of Tight Shaly Sandstones Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements. AAPG Bulletin, 102(2): 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1306/0425171609817007 |
| Lerman, A., Gat, J. R., 1989. Physics and Chemistry of Lakes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 83–138 |
| Li, H. X., Liu, B., Liu, X. Z., et al., 2019. Mineralogy and Inorganic Geochemistry of the Es4 Shales of the Damintun Sag, Northeast of the Bohai Bay Basin: Implication for Depositional Environment. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 110: 886–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.09.002 |
| Li, Y. S., Liu, G. D., Song, Z. Z., et al., 2022. Organic Matter Enrichment due to High Primary Productivity in the Deep-Water Shelf: Insights from the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Shales of the Central Sichuan Basin, SW China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 239: 105417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105417 |
| Liang, H. R., Xu, G. S., Xu, F. H., et al., 2020. Paleoenvironmental Evolution and Organic Matter Accumulation in an Oxygen-Enriched Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study from the Laizhou Bay Sag, Southern Bohai Sea (China). International Journal of Coal Geology, 217: 103318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2019.103318 |
| Liu, C. L., Wang, Z. L., Guo, Z. Q., et al., 2017. Enrichment and Distribution of Shale Oil in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 86: 751–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.06.034 |
| Loucks, R. G., Reed, R. M., Ruppel, S. C., et al., 2012. Spectrum of Pore Types and Networks in Mudrocks and a Descriptive Classification for Matrix-Related Mudrock Pores. AAPG Bulletin, 96(6): 1071–1098. https://doi.org/10.1306/08171111061 |
| Loucks, R. G., Ruppel, S., Reed, R. M., et al., 2011. Origin and Classifi-Cation of Pores in Mudstones from Shale-Gas Systems. In: AAPG International Conference and Exhibition. Oct. 23–26, 2011, Milan |
| Ma, B. Y., Hu, Q. H., Yang, S. Y., et al., 2021. Pore Structure Typing and Fractal Characteristics of Lacustrine Shale from Kongdian Formation in East China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 85: 103709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103709 |
| MacQuaker, J. H. S., Taylor, K. G., Keller, M., et al., 2014. Compositional Controls on Early Diagenetic Pathways in Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks: Implications for Predicting Unconventional Reservoir Attributes of Mudstones. AAPG Bulletin, 98(3): 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1306/08201311176 |
| Moldowan, J. M., Seifert, W. K., Gallegos, E. J., 1985. Relationship between Petroleum Composition and Depositional Environment of Petroleum Source Rocks. AAPG Bulletin, 69(8): 1255–1268. https://doi.org/10.1306/ad462bc8-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d |
| Murphy, A. E., Sageman, B. B., Hollander, D. J., et al., 2000. Black Shale Deposition and Faunal Overturn in the Devonian Appalachian Basin: Clastic Starvation, Seasonal Water-Column Mixing, and Efficient Biolimiting Nutrient Recycling. Paleoceanography, 15(3): 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa000445 |
|
Nesbitt, H. W., Young, G. M., 1982. Early Proterozoic Climates and Plate Motions Inferred from Major Element Chemistry of Lutites. Nature, 299: 715–717. |
| Pang, X. J., Wang, G. W., Kuang, L. C., et al., 2022. Prediction of Multiscale Laminae Structure and Reservoir Quality in Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks: The Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin. Petroleum Science, 19(6): 2549–2571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2022.08.001 |
| Peters, K. E., 1986. Guidelines for Evaluating Petroleum Source Rock Using Programmed Pyrolysis. AAPG Bulletin, 70(3): 318–329. https://doi.org/10.1306/94885688-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d |
| Peters, K. E., Cassa, M. R., 1994. Applied Source Rock Geochemistry: Chapter 5: Part II. Essential Elements. In: Magoon, L. B., Dow, W. G., eds., The Petroleum System: From Source to Trap. AAPG Memoir, 60: 93–120 |
| Ratcliffe, K. T., Wright, A. M., Hallsworth, C., et al., 2004. An Example of Alternative Correlation Techniques in a Low-Accommodation Setting, Nonmarine Hydrocarbon System: The (Lower Cretaceous) Mannville Basal Quartz Succession of Southern Alberta. AAPG Bulletin, 88(10): 1419–1432. https://doi.org/10.1306/05100402035 |
| Reitz, A., Pfeifer, K., de Lange, G. J., et al., 2004. Biogenic Barium and the Detrital Ba/Al Ratio: A Comparison of Their Direct and Indirect Determination. Marine Geology, 204(3/4): 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(04)00004-0 |
| Rimmer, S. M., Thompson, J. A., Goodnight, S. A., et al., 2004. Multiple Controls on the Preservation of Organic Matter in Devonian—Mississippian Marine Black Shales: Geochemical and Petrographic Evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 215(1/2): 125–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.09.001 |
| Ross, D. J. K., Bustin, R. M., 2008. Characterizing the Shale Gas Resource Potential of Devonian—Mississippian Strata in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Application of an Integrated Formation Evaluation. AAPG Bulletin, 92(1): 87–125. https://doi.org/10.1306/09040707048 |
| Roy, D. K., Roser, B. P., 2013. Climatic Control on the Composition of Carboniferous–Permian Gondwana Sediments, Khalaspir Basin, Bangladesh. Gondwana Research, 23(3): 1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.006 |
| Schmitz, B., 1987. The TiO2 Al2O3 Ratio in the Cenozoic Bengal Abyssal Fan Sediments and Its Use as a Paleostream Energy Indicator. Marine Geology, 76: 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90029-6 |
| Schoepfer, S. D., Shen, J., Wei, H. Y., et al., 2015. Total Organic Carbon, Organic Phosphorus, and Biogenic Barium Fluxes as Proxies for Paleomarine Productivity. Earth-Science Reviews, 149: 23–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.017 |
| Shen, J., Schoepfer, S. D., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2015. Marine Productivity Changes during the End-Permian Crisis and Early Triassic Recovery. Earth-Science Reviews, 149: 136–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.002 |
| Shen, J., Zhou, L., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2014. Paleo-Productivity Evolution across the Permian-Triassic Boundary and Quantitative Calculation of Primary Productivity of Black Rock Series from the Dalong Formation, South China. Science China Earth Sciences, 57(7): 1583–1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4780-5 |
|
Talling, P. J., Wynn, R. B., Masson, D. G., et al, 2007. Onset of Submarine Debris Flow Deposition Far from Original Giant Landslide. Nature, 450(7169): 541–544. |
| Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. 312 |
| Tribovillard, N., 2020. Arsenic in Marine Sediments: How Robust a Redox Proxy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 550: 109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109745 |
| Vosoughi Moradi, A., Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., 2016. Geochemistry of the Miocene Oil Shale (Hançili Formation) in the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Central Turkey: Implications for Paleoclimate Conditions, Source-Area Weathering, Provenance and Tectonic Setting. Sedimentary Geology, 341: 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.05.002 |
| Wang, H. J., Wan, Y. Y., Liu, Y. K., et al., 2024. Proven and Potential Microbial Contributions to the Gulong Shale Oil. Journal of Earth Science, 35(6): 2149–2153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-024-2020-x |
| Wang, Y., Liang, C., Sun, X. 2017. Shale Oil Reservoir Characteristics and Enrichment in the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Journal of Earth Science, 28(6): 977–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0940-9 |
| Wang, Y., Wang, X. J., Song, G. Q., et al., 2016. Genetic Connection between Mud Shale Lithofacies and Shale Oil Enrichment in Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 43(5): 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(16)30091-X |
| Washburn, E. W., 1921. Note on a Method of Determining the Distribution of Pore Sizes in a Porous Material. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 7(4): 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.7.4.115 |
| Wei, W., Algeo, T. J., 2020. Elemental Proxies for Paleosalinity Analysis of Ancient Shales and Mudrocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 287: 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.034 |
| Wu, Z. Y., Zhao, X. Z., Wang, E. Z., et al., 2021. Sedimentary Environment and Organic Enrichment Mechanisms of Lacustrine Shale: A Case Study of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 573: 110404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110404 |
| Xie, X. M., Li, M. W., Littke, R., et al., 2016. Petrographic and Geochemical Characterization of Microfacies in a Lacustrine Shale Oil System in the Dongying Sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 165: 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.07.004 |
| Yin, J., Zou, C. N., Wu, S. T., et al., 2025. Development Mechanism of High-Quality Source Rock and Enrichment Processes of Shale Oil in Saline Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study of Upper Member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation, Qaidam Basin. Earth Science, 50(7): 2875–2898. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2025.029 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Yu, Y., Cai, L. H., Wang, L., et al., 2024. Sedimentary Environment and Organic Matter Accumulation of Black Shale in Middle Ordovician Shengping Formation, Northern Guangxi. Earth Science, 49(7): 2315–2329. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.485 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Yue, J., Dong, Y., Zhang, B. H., et al., 2011. Several Geochemical Indicators of the West Coast of Bohai Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica, 85(7): 1239–1250 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Zhang, L. C., Xiao, D. S., Lu, S. F., et al., 2019. Effect of Sedimentary Environment on the Formation of Organic-Rich Marine Shale: Insights from Major/Trace Elements and Shale Composition. International Journal of Coal Geology, 204: 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2019.01.014 |
| Zhao, W. Z., Bian, C. S., Li, Y. X., et al., 2023. Enrichment Factors of Movable Hydrocarbons in Lacustrine Shale Oil and Exploration Potential of Shale Oil in Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, NE China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 50(3): 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(23)60407-0 |
| Zou, C. N., Yang, Z., Tao, S. Z., et al., 2013. Continuous Hydrocarbon Accumulation over a Large Area as a Distinguishing Characteristic of Unconventional Petroleum: The Ordos Basin, North-Central China. Earth-Science Reviews, 126: 358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.08.006 |
Figures(12)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
