| Citation: | Jiefei Zhang, Shu Zhang, Huiming Tang, Qingbing Liu, Qiang Li, Huan Zhang. Creeping Reservoir Landslide Progressive Evolution Process: From Large-Scale Direct Shear Creep Test to Seepage-Mechanical-Deformation Block Model. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(2): 722-739. doi: 10.1007/s12583-025-0215-4
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Creeping reservoir landslides experience slow, ongoing deformation driven by cyclical hydrological conditions, posing a significant threat to hydropower infrastructure and nearby communities. Long-term high consolidation pressure leads to the formation of a dense soil matrix unique structure in the slip zone soils, significantly affecting creeping reservoir landslides evolution. However, current studies often fail to adequately describe and incorporate creep properties of the intact slip zone soils, resulting in a lack of precision and efficiency when simulating the progressive evolution process of creeping reservoir landslides. This study conducted a series of large-scale direct shear creep tests on the intact slip zone soils, from No. 1 Linjiang landslide of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA), to investigate their creep behavior and long-term strength. Subsequently, a seepage-mechanical-deformation (SMD) block model was developed, offering higher computational efficiency and the ability to dynamically adapt to real-time hydrological boundary conditions, and providing a novel framework for simulating the progressive evolution of the No.1 Linjiang landslide. The experimental results indicate that the intact slip zone soil exhibits distinct creep characteristics and a notable long-term strength. The performance of the SMD block model was further validated through comparison with monitoring data over one hydrological year. Furthermore, the simulation results highlight that the primary deformations occur at the front and rear of the landslide, and the middle acting as an anti-sliding section. Overall, this study advances the understanding of creeping reservoir landslide progressive evolution processes and enhances the simulation capabilities of landslide deformation, providing valuable insights for risk assessment and mitigation strategies in the TGRA.
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