The impact mechanism of granular flow against a rigid barrier with deposition: Effect of included angle

The effect of deposition behind the barrier on the granular flow impact mechanism with consideration of included angle has not yet been fully investigation. This study utilized the discrete element method to investigate the influence, following the calibration of the numerical model using data from a previous study. The results showed that the impact process can be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the transitional stage, and the stable stage. In the case of forward deposition, the primary interaction between the source particles and the sediment is shear friction. In contrast, for reverse deposition, the interaction initially follows a collision-based mechanism, which gradually transitions to a shear friction model as the process progresses. Regarding deposition length, both forward and reverse deposition models showed a nearly linear decrease as the deposition angle increased. As the included angle increased, the maximum kinetic energy exhibited a clear upward trend, which could be effectively approximated by a linear function. Furthermore, at any given included angle, the maximum kinetic energy in the forward deposition model consistently exceeded that of the reverse deposition model. In contrast, the ultimate potential energy decreased linearly with increasing included angle, while the ultimate dissipated energy displayed an opposite trend, increasing linearly with the included angle. For both normal and tangential impact forces, pre-existing deposited particles are the primary contributors to the force exerted on the barrier. As the deposition angle behind the barrier increased, the maximum normal impact force gradually decreased. The variation patterns of the normal impact force for the forward and reverse deposition models can be fitted by linear and quadratic functions, respectively.