An accurate stability assessment of cohesive soil slopes is essential for effective landslide prevention and mitigation. However, existing quantitative evaluation approaches often overlook the impact of deformation on soil strength, potentially hindering timely interventions in landslide hazards. In this study, a theoretical method for slope stability assessment was developed that accounted for both deformation and strength softening effects by integrating a deformation-based constitutive model and a displacement compatibility model. The proposed approach was validated through centrifuge modeling of a cohesive soil slope and further tested using a previously published landslide case. The results confirmed that the method enabled dynamic estimation of stability factors in relation to real-time slope displacement, thereby supporting the early warning of cohesive soil landslides.