Advanced Search

Indexed by SCI、CA、РЖ、PA、CSA、ZR、etc .

Volume 37 Issue 5
Oct 2026
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Xingjun Luo, Wenbin Xu, Nicolas Oestreicher, JoËl Ruch. Onset and Evolution of an Oblique Rifting Episode on the Reykjanes Peninsula, 2016–2025. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(5): 2451-2463. doi: 10.1007/s12583-026-0617-y
Citation: Xingjun Luo, Wenbin Xu, Nicolas Oestreicher, JoËl Ruch. Onset and Evolution of an Oblique Rifting Episode on the Reykjanes Peninsula, 2016–2025. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(5): 2451-2463. doi: 10.1007/s12583-026-0617-y

Onset and Evolution of an Oblique Rifting Episode on the Reykjanes Peninsula, 2016–2025

doi: 10.1007/s12583-026-0617-y
More Information
  • Corresponding author: Wenbin Xu, wenbin.xu@csu.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 02 May 2026
  • Accepted Date: 17 Jun 2026
  • Available Online: 19 Oct 2026
  • Issue Publish Date: 30 Oct 2026
  • Electronic Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials (Texts S1–S3; Tables S1–S3; Figures S1–S34) are available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-026-0617-y.
    Conflict of Interest
    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
  • loading
  • Aki, K., 1965. Maximum Likelihood Estimate of b in the Formula log N = a-bM and Its Confidence Limits. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., 43: 237–239
    Albino, F., Sigmundsson, F., 2014. Stress Transfer between Magma Bodies: Influence of Intrusions Prior to 2010 Eruptions at Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119(4): 2964c2975. https://doi.org/10.10 02/2013jb010510 doi: 10.1002/2013jb010510
    Árnadóttir, T., Jiang, W. P., Feigl, K. L., et al., 2006. Kinematic Models of Plate Boundary Deformation in Southwest Iceland Derived from GPS Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B7): 2005JB003907. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003907
    Bagnardi, M., Hooper, A., 2018. Inversion of Surface Deformation Data for Rapid Estimates of Source Parameters and Uncertainties: A Bayesian Approach. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19(7): 2194–2211. https://doi.org/10. 1029/2018gc007585
    Bindeman, I. N., Deegan, F. M., Troll, V. R., et al., 2022. Diverse Mantle Components with Invariant Oxygen Isotopes in the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption, Iceland. Nature Communications, 13: 3737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31348-7
    Björnsson, S., Einarsson, P., Tulinius, H., et al., 2020. Seismicity of the Reykjanes Peninsula 1971–1976. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 391: 106369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.04.026
    Cao, A. M., Gao, S. S., 2002. Temporal Variation of Seismic b-Values beneath Northeastern Japan Island Arc. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(9): 48-1–48-3. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013775
    Caracciolo, A., Bali, E., Halldórsson, S. A., et al., 2023. Magma Plumbing Architectures and Timescales of Magmatic Processes during Historical Magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 621: 118378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118378
    Clifton, A. E., Kattenhorn, S. A., 2006. Structural Architecture of a Highly Oblique Divergent Plate Boundary Segment. Tectonophysics, 419: 27–40 doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.03.016
    Coggan, J. S., Stead, D., Howe, J. H., et al., 2013. Mineralogical Controls on the Engineering Behavior of Hydrothermally Altered Granites under Uniaxial Compression. Engineering Geology, 160: 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.001
    Costantini, M., 1998. A Novel Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Network Programming. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36(3): 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.67 3674 doi: 10.1109/36.673674
    Cubuk-Sabuncu, Y., Jónsdóttir, K., Caudron, C., et al., 2021. Temporal Seismic Velocity Changes during the 2020 Rapid Inflation at Mt. Þorbjörn-Svartsengi, Iceland, Using Seismic Ambient Noise. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(11): e2020GL092265. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092265
    Day, J. M. D., Kelly, S., Troll, V. R., et al., 2024. Deep Crustal Assimilation during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Fires, Iceland. Nature, 632(8025): 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-02 4-07750-0 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07750-0
    de Pascale, G. P., Fischer, T. J., Moreland, W. M., et al., 2024. On the Move: 2023 Observations on Real Time Graben Formation, Grindavík, Iceland. Geophysical Research Letters, 51: e2024GL110150. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110150
    Duclaux, G., Huismans, R. S., May, D. A., 2020. Rotation, Narrowing, and Preferential Reactivation of Brittle Structures during Oblique Rifting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 531: 115952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115952
    Ducrocq, C., Árnadóttir, T., Einarsson, P., et al., 2024. Widespread Fracture Movements during a Volcano-Tectonic Unrest: The Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, from 2019–2021 TerraSAR-X Interferometry. Bulletin of Volcanology, 86(2): 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01699-0
    Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T. A., Woodhouse, J. H., 1981. Determination of Earthquake Source Parameters from Waveform Data for Studies of Global and Regional Seismicity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 86(B4): 2825–2852. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p02825
    Einarsson, P., 2008. Plate Boundaries, Rifts and Transforms in Iceland. Jökull, 58(1): 35–58. https://doi.org/10.33799/jokull20 08.58.035 doi: 10.33799/jokull2008.58.035
    Ekström, G., Nettles, M., Dziewoński, A. M., 2012. The Global CMT Project 2004–2010: Centroid-Moment Tensors for 13, 017 Earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 200/201: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002
    Fischer, T., Hrubcová, P., Salama, A., et al., 2022. Swarm Seismicity Illuminates Stress Transfer Prior to the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption in Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 594: 117685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117685
    Flóvenz, Ó. G., Wang, R. J., Hersir, G. P., et al., 2022. Cyclical Geothermal Unrest as a Precursor to Iceland's 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption. Nature Geoscience, 15(5): 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00930-5
    Glastonbury-Southern, E., Winder, T., Rawlinson, N., et al., 2025. Pre-Existing Structures Control the Orientation of Strike-Slip Faulting during the 2021 Dike Intrusion at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 130(6): e2024JB030162. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030162
    Glazner, A. F., McNutt, S. R., 2021. Relationship between Dike Injection and b-Value for Volcanic Earthquake Swarms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(12): e2020JB021631. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb021631
    Goldstein, R. M., Werner, C. L., 1998. Radar Interferogram Filtering for Geophysical Applications. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(21): 4035–4038. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998gl900033
    Greenfield, T., Winder, T., Rawlinson, N., et al., 2022. Deep Long Period Seismicity Preceding and during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption, Iceland. Bull. Volcanol, 84: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1 007/s00445-022-01603-2 doi: 10.1007/s00445-022-01603-2
    Greiner, S. H. M., 2025. The Influence of Pre-Existing Fractures and Tectonic Stress on Magmatic Dikes: [Dissertation]. University of Iceland, Reykjavik
    Gudmundsson, A., 2006. How Local Stresses Control Magma-Chamber Ruptures, Dyke Injections, and Eruptions in Composite Volcanoes. Earth-Science Reviews, 79(1/2): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.006
    Gudmundsson, A., 2016. The Mechanics of Large Volcanic Eruptions. Earth-Science Reviews, 163: 72–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.003
    Gudmundsson, A., 2025. Multiple Dikes Make Eruptions Easy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 460: 108284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2025.108284
    Gutmann, B., Weber, H., 2000. Phase Unwrapping with the Branch-Cut Method: Role of Phase-Field Direction. Applied Optics, 39(26): 4802. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.004802
    Halldórsson, S. A., Marshall, E. W., Caracciolo, A., et al., 2022. Rapid Shifting of a Deep Magmatic Source at Fagradalsfjall Volcano, Iceland. Nature, 609: 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x
    Hjartardóttir, Á. R., Dürig, T., Parks, M., et al., 2023. Pre-Existing Fractures and Eruptive Vent Openings during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption, Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology, 85(10): 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01670-z
    Hooper, A., Segall, P., Zebker, H., 2007. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Crustal Deformation Analysis, with Application to Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B7): 2006JB004763. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jb004763
    Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., et al., 2004. A New Method for Measuring Deformation on Volcanoes and Other Natural Terrains Using InSAR Persistent Scatterers. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(23): 2004GL021737.https://doi.org/10.102 9/2004gl021737 doi: 10.1029/2004gl021737
    Hrubcová, P., Doubravová, J., Vavryčuk, V., 2021. Non-Double-Couple Earthquakes in 2017 Swarm in Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland: Sensitive Indicator of Volcano-Tectonic Movements at Slow-Spreading Rift. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 563: 116875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116875
    Hrubcová, P., Vavryčuk, V., 2023. Tectonic Stress Changes Related to Plate Spreading Prior to the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption in SW Iceland. Tectonophysics, 851: 229761.https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.tecto.2023.229761 doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229761
    Hrubcová, P., Vavryčuk, V., Fischer, T., et al., 2025. Stress Variations and Non-Shear Earthquakes before the 2021 Iceland Eruption Trace Magmatic Fluid Flow. Communications Earth & Environment, 6: 575.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-0253 3-5 doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-02533-5
    Icelandic Meteorological Office, 2025a. Uplift Continues beneath Svartsengi. [2025-06-24]https://en.vedur.is/about-imo/news/new-magm a-instrusion-on-sundhnukur-crater-row
    Icelandic Meteorological Office, 2025b. Skjálftalísa. [2025-06-24]https://skjalftalisa.vedur.is/#/page/map
    Icelandic Meteorological Office, 2025c. GNSS Time-Series. [2025-06-24]http://brunnur.vedur.is/gps/browser/
    Jenkins, J., Greenfield, T., White, R. S., et al., 2025. Seismic Imaging of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Crustal-Scale Context of Geothermal Areas and Ongoing Volcano-Tectonic Unrest. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 26(4): e2024GC011817.https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gc011817
    Julia, F., Vladimir, L., Sergey, R., et al., 2014. Effects of Hydrothermal Alterations on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks in the Kuril-Kamchatka Island Arc. Engineering Geology, 183: 80–95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.1 0.011 doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.011
    Kahl, M., Mutch, E. J. F., Maclennan, J., et al., 2023. Deep Magma Mobilization Years before the 2021 CE Fagradalsfjall Eruption, Iceland. Geology, 51: 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1130/g50340.1
    Lonker, S. W., Franzson, H., Kristmannsdottir, H., 1993. Mineral-Fluid Interactions in the Reykjanes and Svartsengi Geothermal Systems, Iceland. American Journal of Science, 293(7): 605–670. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.293.7.605
    Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., et al., 2006. Modelling the Global Ocean Tides: Modern Insights from FES2004. Ocean Dynamics, 56(5): 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x
    Matthews, S. W., Caracciolo, A., Bali, E., et al., 2024. A Dynamic Mid-Crustal Magma Domain Revealed by the 2023 to 2024 Sundhnúksgígar Eruptions in Iceland. Science, 386(6719): 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp8778
    Oliva, S. J., Ebinger, C. J., Wauthier, C., et al., 2019. Insights into Fault-Magma Interactions in an Early-Stage Continental Rift from Source Mechanisms and Correlated Volcano-Tectonic Earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(4): 2065–2074. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080866
    Parks, M., Drouin, V., Sigmundsson, F., et al., 2025. 2023–2024 Inflation-Deflation Cycles at Svartsengi and Repeated Dike Injections and Eruptions at the Sundhnúkur Crater Row, Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 658: 119324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119324
    Parks, M., Sigmundsson, F., Drouin, V., et al., 2023. Deformation, Seismicity, and Monitoring Response Preceding and during the 2022 Fagradalsfjall Eruption, Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology, 85(10): 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01671-y
    Pedersen, G. B. M., Belart, J. M. C., Óskarsson, B. V., et al., 2022. Volume, Effusion Rate, and Lava Transport During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption: Results from Near Real-Time Photogrammetric Monitoring. Geophysical Research Letters, 49: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097125
    Rigopoulos, I., Tsikouras, B., Pomonis, P., et al., 2010. The Influence of Alteration on the Engineering Properties of Dolerites: The Examples from the Pindos and Vourinos Ophiolites (Northern Greece). International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 47(1): 69–80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009. 04.003 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.04.003
    Rivalta, E., Corbi, F., Passarelli, L., et al., 2019. Stress Inversions to Forecast Magma Pathways and Eruptive Vent Location. Science Advances, 5(7): eaau9784.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau 9784 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9784
    Sæmundsson, K., Sigurgeirsson, M. Á., Friðleifsson, G. Ó., 2020. Geology and Structure of the Reykjanes Volcanic System, Iceland. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 391: 106501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.022
    Sigmundsson, F., Parks, M., Geirsson, H., et al., 2024. Fracturing and Tectonic Stress Drives Ultrarapid Magma Flow into Dikes. Science, 383(6688): 1228–1235. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn2838
    Sigmundsson, F., Parks, M., Hooper, A., et al., 2022. Deformation and Seismicity Decline before the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption. Nature, 609(7927): 523–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05083-4
    Troll, V. R., Deegan, F. M., Thordarson, T., et al., 2024. The Fagradalsfjall and Sundhnúkur Fires of 2021–2024: A Single Magma Reservoir under the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland? Terra Nova, 36(6): 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12733
    van Zyl, J. J., 2001. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM): a Breakthrough in Remote Sensing of Topography. Acta Astronautica, 48(5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12): 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(01)00020-0
    Walter, T. R., Haghshenas Haghighi, M., Schneider, F. M., et al., 2019. Complex Hazard Cascade Culminating in the Anak Krakatau Sector Collapse. Nature Communications, 10: 4339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5
    Wegnüller, U., Werner, C., Strozzi, T., et al., 2016. Sentinel-1 Support in the GAMMA Software. Procedia Computer Science, International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems/International Conference on Project MANagement/International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies, CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist 2016, 100: 1305–1312.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.246
    Woessner, J., 2005. Assessing the Quality of Earthquake Catalogues: Estimating the Magnitude of Completeness and Its Uncertainty. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95(2): 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040007
    Yang, Y. L., Sigmundsson, F., Geirsson, H., et al., 2025. Role of Tectonic Stress and Topography on Repeated Lateral Dikes: Application to the 1975–1984 Krafla and 2023–2025 Svartsengi Rifting Episodes in Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology, 87(12): 105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-025-01897-y
    Zhu, S. Y., Massmann, F. H., Yu, Y., et al., 2003. Satellite Antenna Phase Center Offsets and Scale Errors in GPS Solutions. Journal of Geodesy, 76(11): 668–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-002-0294-1
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(6)

    Article Metrics

    Article views(16) PDF downloads(1) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return