| Citation: | Kuang Cen, Min Hou, Neumann Thomas, Norra Stefan, Stüben Doris. Chemical Composition of Urban Street Sediments and Its Sources. Journal of Earth Science, 2004, 15(1): 75-83.
|
The distribution and the concentrations of various chemical elements in street sediments were investigated along a rural-urban boundary in Beijing, China. The statistical factor analysis of the data concerned identifies two anthropogenic sources responsible for the contamination of Beijing air. The first source is a steel factory in the western part of Beijing. From this source, Mn, Fe and Ti were emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys and by wind from coal heaps used as the primary energy source for the factory. The second source is a combination of traffic, domestic heating and some small factories in the center of Beijing urban area discharging Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn. Grain-size analyses show that most of the metals in the road dust have higher concentrations in the small grain-size fraction < 0.125 mm, which is the severest case because these small particles with larger specific surface area and high heavy metal contents fly up easily and float in the air for a long time. Besides the anthropogenic contamination, such elements as Y, Zr, Nb, Ce and Rb are derived mainly both from natural soils and from the deserts. This is supported by mineral-phase analysis, which shows a clear imprint of materials in road dusts coming from the west China deserts. Our results clearly show that the chemical compositions of the urban road dusts can be used to identify distinctive sources responsible for the contamination mentioned above. The study shows that the chemistry of road dusts is an important monitor to assess the contamination in the urban environment.
| Andrade, F., Orsini, C., Maenhaut, W., 1994. Relation between Aerosol Sources and Meteorological Parameters for Inhalable Atmospheric Particles in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Atmos pheric Environment, 24(14): 2307-2315 |
| Bartz, W. J., 1994. Additive fur Schmierstoffe. Kontakt & Studium 433. Renningen-Malmsheim |
| Bityukova, L., Shogenova, A., Birke, M., 2000. Urban Geochemistry: A Study of Element Distributions in the Soils of Tallinn (Estonia). Environmental Geochemistry and Health-Incorporating Minerals and the Environment, 22 (2): 173-193 doi: 10.1023/A:1006754326260 |
| Blume, H. P., 1993. Böden. In: Sukopp, H., Wittig, R., eds., Stadtokologie. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. 154-171 |
| Büchel, K. H., Moretto, H. H., Woditsch, P., 1999. Industrielle Anorganische Chemie. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim |
| Davis, J. C., 1986. Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Wiley, New York |
| Eickmann, T., 1993. Gesundheit. In: Sukopp, H., Wirth, R., eds., Stadtokologie. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart |
| Foner, H. A., Ganor, E., 1992. The Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Some Urban Atmospheric Aerosols in Israel. Atmos pheric Environment, 26B(1): 125-133 |
| Gäth, S., Sternheim, M., Frede, H. G., 1990. Einfluβ des. K raffahrzeugverkehrs auf den Schwermetallgehalt von Straβenabfluβwasser. Forum Städte Hygiene, 41: 235-238 |
| Gräter, H., 1982. Servicefibel für den Kfz-Bremsendienst. Vogel, Würzburg |
| Heiser, U., Norra, S., Stüben, D., et al., 1999a. Sequentielle Schwermetallextraktion aus Staubniederschlägen und Straβensedimenten, Teil Ⅱ. In: UWSF-Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox, 11(1): 15-19 |
| Heiser, U., Norra, S., Stüben, D., et al., 1999b. Sequentielle Schwermetallextraktion aus Staubniederschlägen und Straβensedimenten, Teil Ⅱ. In: UWSF Z. Umweltchem. Ökotox, 11(2): 73-78 |
| Helbig, A., 1999. Anthropogene Modifikation der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. In: Helbig, A., Baumiller, J., Kerschgens, M. J., eds., Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung. Springer, Berlin. 15-26 |
| Heinrichs, H., 1993. Die Wirkung von Aersolkomponenten auf Böden und Gäwasser industrieferner Standorte: Eine geochemische Bilanzierung. Postdoctoral Thesis, Göttingen |
| Hrsak, J., Fugas, M., Vadjic, V., 2000. Soil Contamination by Pb, Zn and Cd from a Lead Smeltery. Envi ronmental Monitoring and Asssment, 60: 359-366 doi: 10.1023/A:1006167121513 |
| Hurtig, H. W., 1990. Die Immissionsbelastung von Böden durch Antimon. In: Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft, ed., Wirkungen von Luftverunreinigungen auf Böden. VDI-Berichte 837: 91-102. Düsseldorf |
| Jendritzki, G., Grätz, A., Gerth, W. P., 1999. Das Bioklima des Menschen in der Stadt. In: Helbig, A., Baumiller, J., Kerschgens, M. J., eds., Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung. Springer, Berlin. 126-158 |
| Kersting, K., Wehde, J., Leimbrock, W., et al., 2002. Bestimmung des Chrom(Ⅳ)-Gehaltes in Zementen. Gefahrstoffe-Reinhaltung der Luft, 62(7/8): 303-306 |
| Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., 1998. Source Contributions to. the Size and Composition Distribution of Urban Particulate Air Pollution. Atmos pheric Environment, 32(16): 2803-2816 |
| Kramar, U., 1993. Methoden zur Interpretation von Daten der geochemischen Bachsedimentprospektion am Beispiel der Sierra de San Carlos/Tamaulipas Mexiko. Karlsruher Geochemische Hefte 1, Karlsruhe |
| Kramar, U., 1997. Advances in Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58: 73-80 doi: 10.1016/S0375-6742(96)00053-2 |
| Kramar, U., 1999. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers. In: Lindon, J. C., Tranter, G. E., Holmes, J. L., eds., Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry. Academia Press, San Diego. 2467-2477 |
| Kuttler, W., 1993. Stadtklima. In: Sukopp, H., Wittig, R., eds., Stadtokologie. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. 113-153 |
| Lahmann, E., 1996. Umweltmedium Luft. In: Brauer, H. ed., Emissionen und ihre W irkungen, Handbuch des Umweltschutzes und der Umweltschutztechnik 1. Springer, Berlin. 56-412 |
| Li, X., Poon, C. S., Liu, P. S., 2001. Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Soils and Street Dusts in Hong Kong. Applied Geochemistry, 16: 1361-1368 doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00045-2 |
| Liermann, H., Stegen, G., 1985. Reifen- und Kautschuk-technologie im Fahrzeugbereich. Vogel, München |
| Mao, I. F.. Chen, M. L., 1996. Airborne Lead Pollution in Metropolitan Taipei (Republic of China). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 91: 375-382 doi: 10.1007/BF00666271 |
| Merian, E., 1984. Metalle in der Umwelt. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim |
| Muschak, W., 1990. Pollution of Street Run-Off by Traffic and Local Conditions. The Science of the Total Environment. 93: 419-431 |
| Ning, D. T., Zhong, L. X., Chung, Y. S., 1996. Aerosol Size Distribution and Elemental Composition in Urban Areas of Northern China. Atmos pheric Environment, 30 (13) : 2355-2362 doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00405-X |
| Norra, S., 1997. Anorganische Schadstoffbelastung in Stauben, Straβensedimenten, Böden und Pflanzen entlang innerstadtischer Strapen am Beispiel von sechs Standorten in Karlsruhe. Karlsruher Berichte zur Geographie und Geookologie, H. 10; Karlsruhe |
| Norra, S., Weber, A., Kramar, U., et al., 2001. Mapping of Trace Elements in Urban Soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 1(2): 77-97 doi: 10.1007/BF02987713 |
| Nriagu, J. O., Pacyna, J. M., 1988. Quantitative Assessment of Worldwide Contamination of Air, Water and Soil by Trace Metals. Nature, 333: 134-139 doi: 10.1038/333134a0 |
| Pearce, D., Crowards, T., 1996. Particulate Matter and Human Health in the United Kingdom. Energy Policy, 24 (7): 609-619 doi: 10.1016/0301-4215(96)00048-1 |
| Pio, C. A., Ramos, M. M., Duarte, A. C., 1998. Atmospheric Aerosol and Soiling of External Surfaces in an Urban Environment. Atmos pheric Environment, 32(11): 1979-1989 doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00507-4 |
| Reyment, R. A., Jöreskog, K. G., 1993: Applied Factor Analysis in the Natural Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge |
| Shi, H. M., 2001. The Environmental Annual Report of 2001 in Beiing. In: Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau. www. bjepb. gov. cn |
| Shu, J., Dearing, A., Morse, A. P., et al., 2001. Determining the Sources of Atmospheric Particles in Shanghai, China, from Magnetic and Geochemical Properties. Atmos pheric Environment, 35: 2615-2625 doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00454-4 |
| Striebel, T., Gruber, A., 1997. Schwermetalle in Strapenstauben und Schlammtopfsedimenten in Bayreuth: Konzentrationsbereiche, Einfluβ der Verkehrsbelastung, Bindungsformen. Gefahrstoffe-Reinhalung der Luft, 57 : 325-331 |
| Stüben, D., Norra, S., 2000. Die Notwendigkeit komplexer Schadstoffflussanalysen aus geochemischer Sicht und als Grundlage fir eine nachhaltige Stadtplanung. Raumforschung und Raumordnung, H. 2-3, Jg. 58: 103-129. Carl Heymanns Verlag |
| Swertka, A., 2002. A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, New York |
| Tanner, P. A., Wong, A. Y. S., 2000. Soluble Trace Metals and Major lonic Species in the Bulk Deposition and Atmosphere of Hong Kong. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 122 : 261-279 doi: 10.1023/A:1005232313641 |
| Tyutyunnik, Y. G, Gorlitskii, B. A., 1998. The Factor Analysis of Geochemical Pecularities of Urban Soils in Ukraine. Eurasien Soil Science, 31(1): 92-100 |
| Unger, H. J., Prinz, D., 1992. Verkehrsbedingte Immissionen in Baden-Wüirttemberg-Schwermetalle und organische Fremdstoffe in straöennahen Böden und Aufwuchs. Umweltministerium Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart |
| Waldmann, J. M., Lioy, P. J., Zelenka, M., et al., 1991. Wintertime Measurements of Aerosol Acidity and Trace Elements in Wuhan, a City in Central China. Atmos pheric Environment, 25B(1): 113-120 |
| WHO (World Health Organization), 1979. Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Particulate Matter. Environmental Health Criteria 85, Genf |
| Yang, W. X., 2002. The Source of Sand and Dust in Sand Storm Weather and Its Control in Beijing. Ecological Environment and Protection, 11: 34-37 |
Figures(3) / Tables(3)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
