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Mingming Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Shengchuan Xu, Pingchang Sun, Xiaofeng Hu. Element Response to the Ancient Lake Information and Its Evolution History of Argillaceous Source Rocks in the Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe Area of Southern Margin of Junggar Basin. Journal of Earth Science, 2013, 24(6): 987-996. doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0392-4
Citation: Mingming Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Shengchuan Xu, Pingchang Sun, Xiaofeng Hu. Element Response to the Ancient Lake Information and Its Evolution History of Argillaceous Source Rocks in the Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe Area of Southern Margin of Junggar Basin. Journal of Earth Science, 2013, 24(6): 987-996. doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0392-4

Element Response to the Ancient Lake Information and Its Evolution History of Argillaceous Source Rocks in the Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe Area of Southern Margin of Junggar Basin

doi: 10.1007/s12583-013-0392-4
Funds:

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 40972076

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41302075

the National Technical Key Special Project of China 2008ZX05018-001-004

More Information
  • Corresponding author: Zhaojun Liu, 915824051@qq.com
  • Received Date: 15 Nov 2012
  • Accepted Date: 26 Mar 2013
  • Publish Date: 01 Dec 2013
  • With the analysis of the element geochemistry characteristics, the ancient lake information evolution history of the argillaceous source rocks in Lucaogou (芦草沟) Formation in Sangonghe (三工河) area is reconstructed. According to the ancient lake information and total organic matter (TOC) characteristics of argillaceous source rocks, the study section is divided into 6 Subsections. Subsection I mainly developed low-quality source rocks. This is because of the arid climate, high salinity, low lake productivity, unstable preservation conditions in this Subsection. Subsection II mainly developed high-quality source rocks. This is because of the humid climate, low salinity, high lake productivity, stable preservation conditions in this Subsection. Though the paleoclimate was humid and preservation conditions were stable. Lake productivity and the water salinity changed frequently. So Subsection III mainly developed medium-quality source rocks. Because of the humid climate, high lake productivity, medium sedimentary rate and stable preservation conditions, high-quality source rocks were developed in Subsection IV. The preservation conditions were stable, but other ancient lake information changed frequently. Therefore, the quality of the formed source rocks in Subsection V was different. Subsection VI mainly developed high-quality source rocks because of the humid climate, medium sedimentary rate, high lake productivity, low salinity and good preservation conditions. In summary, the ancient lake information parameters and TOC characteristics of each Subsection are different from each other.

     

  • The argillaceous source rocks in Permian Lucaogou Formation in the northern foot of Bogeda Mountain are one of the important hydrocarbon source rocks in the southeastern margin of the Junggar Basin. The maximum sedimentary thickness of Lucaogou Formation is in Sangonghe area, which may have huge hydrocarbon generation potential and abundant oil shale resources (Kuang et al., 2007; Li et al., 2006). Precursors have done some research on this region (Li, 2009; Gao, 2008; Kuang et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; Li et al., 2006). But less research has been done on the ancient lake information evolution history of argillaceous source rocks. This paper aims to sum up the evolution history of ancient lake information (such as paleoclimate, organic matter sedimentary rate, paleosalinity, redox conditions and lake productivity) of the argillaceous source rocks in the Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe area.

    Sangonghe area is located in the southeastern margin of Junggar Basin. Tectonically, the structure feature in this region is very complex. Anticline, syncline and reverse fault extremely developed in this area. The Permian strata mainly exposed in the south of Sangonghe area (Fig. 1).

    Figure  1.  Map of Sangonghe area location (revised from Li et al., 2006).

    This study section mainly includes Lucaogou Formation and Hongyanchi Formation. The Hongyanchi Formation is covered on the Lucaogou Formation. The main lithology in it is grey-green mudstone, and there is a thin layer of gray-green fine-grained sandstone in the mudstone. The thickness of Lucaogou Formation (the argillaceous source rocks) is larger than Hongyanchi Formation. The main lithology in it is thick gray-black and black mudstone, oil shale with thin layers of gray fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, dolomite, dolomitic mudstone (Fig. 2).

    Figure  2.  Map of the study cross section column.

    According to the lithology distribution and geochemical characteristics of the argillaceous source rocks section, a total of 23 fresh samples were collected. To avoid the influence of weathering on the content of the major elements and trace elements in samples, we use the drilling and sampling machine to drill 5 m deep to get the fresh samples which almost not to be subjected to weathering. The sampling location can be shown in Fig. 2. We chiefly tested the content of the major elements (Fe2O3, FeO, CaO), trace elements (Sr, Rb, V, Ni, Cr, Mo, U, Ga, B), rare earth elements (La, Yb) and total organic carbon (TOC). Ancient lake information of argillaceous source rocks can be analyzed by the content and ratio features of these elements. TOC represents the organic matter content in the argillaceous source rocks. Major elements were tested on silicate chemistry full analysis. Trace elements and rare earth elements were tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Repetitive samples and standard samples were analyzed to measure the accuracy of test results. The qualified rate of repetitive samples is 100%. The analysis shows that the relative deviation of the elements is less than 5%, which indicates that the overall analysis results are reliable.Test results are shown in Table 1.

    Table  1.  Contents of some major elements (wt.%), trace elements, rare earth elements (ppm) in argillaceous source rocks
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    Ancient lake information analysis on the argillaceous source rocks section mainly include paleoclimate and organic matter sedimentary rate, properties of ancient water (redox conditions, paleosalinity) and lake productivity.

    Paleoclimate may control the production and preservation of the organic matter when sedimentary rocks were formed, and proper sedimentary rate may also have important influence on the abundance of organic matter. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the paleoclimate and organic matter sedimentary rate of argillaceous source rocks.

    Fe is particularly sensitive to the paleoclimate of sedimentary environment (Jin et al., 2002; Deng and Qian et al., 1993). Fe2O3/FeO ratio has a good effect on the instructions of paleoclimate. It is generally believed that the Fe2O3/FeO value greater than 1.8 indicates arid climate. On the contrary, the value less than 1.8 indicates humid climate (Wang et al., 2012). The Fe2O3/FeO value of argillaceous source rocks section ranges from 0.51 to 5.56, averaging 2.08. This means that some argillaceous source rocks were formed in humid climate, and others were formed in arid climate. In addition, as shown in Fig. 5, the lower stratum is mainly arid climate, and the upper stratum is mainly humid climate, but local layers in the upper stratum are arid climate. This may be the atmospheric circulation changed occasionally during the deposition of the upper stratum. Some other researchers also come to the same conclusions about the study strata in this area (Peng et al., 2012).

    Rb/Sr ratio in lake sediments is very sensitive to the changes of paleoclimate. It is generally believed that the Rb/Sr value greater than 0.5 indicates arid climate. On the contrary, the value less than 0.5 indicates humid climate (Hu et al., 2012a; Wang et al., 2008). Rb/Sr ratio value of argillaceous source rocks section ranges from 0.15 to 0.98, averaging 0.48. This also means that some argillaceous source rocks were formed in humid climate, and others were formed in arid climate. As shown in Fig. 3a, in addition to the differences of individual samples, there is a linear relationship between Fe2O3/FeO and Rb/Sr value. It is feasible to comprehensively distinguish the paleoclimate of each sample by the value of Fe2O3/FeO and Rb/Sr. As shown in Fig. 5, the value of Fe2O3/FeO and TOC in some samples has negative correlation in trend, but the other samples do not comply with this trend. Therefore, it is speculated that paleoclimate may control the organic matter enrichment of the argillaceous source rocks to some degree, but not absolutely.

    Figure  3.  Discriminant diagram of ancient lake information parameters. (a) Discriminant diagram of paleoclimate; (b) discriminant diagram of redox conditions; (c) discriminant diagram of paleosalinity; (d) discriminant diagram of lake productivity.

    Parameter w(La)n/w(Yb)n (Ratio of La and Yb normalized by the North American shale represents the degree of fractionation of rare earth elements) is usually used to indicate mudstone sedimentary rate. If the sedimentary rate is fast, leading the REE (rare earth elements) differentiation to be weakly, the w(La)n/w(Yb)n value is closed to 1. If the sedimentary rate is slow, resulting in the REE differentiation to be obvious, the w(La)n/w(Yb)n value is significantly less than 1. The w(La)n/w(Yb)n value is slightly less than 1, which means that the sedimentary rate is medium (Li et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2006; Tenger et al., 2006; Qin et al., 2005). The w(La)n/w(Yb)n value of the samples in the argillaceous source rocks section ranges from 0.46 to 1.09, and averages 0.79. As shown in Fig. 4, the linear relationship between TOC and w(La)n/w(Yb)n is not significant. In addition, too fast or too slow deposition rate (According to the distribution range of w(La)n/w(Yb)n value in samples, the w(La)n/w(Yb)n value greater than 0.9 represents the faster sedimentary rate, the value between 0.6 and 0.9 represents moderate deposition rate, the value less than 0.6 represents the slower sedimentary rate) corresponds to the low TOC value. Moderate sedimentary rate corresponds to the high TOC value. This is because that organic matter is gradually consumed by the oxygen in water with slow deposition rate leading to the decrease of organic matter content. If sedimentary rate is too fast, organic matter would be diluted by inorganic mineral particles, which may also make the organic matter content decrease. From above analysis, it is speculated that moderate sedimentary rate is beneficial to the organic matter enrichment, too fast or too slow sedimentary rate go against the preservation of organic matter.

    Figure  4.  Correlation diagram of w(La)n/w(Yb)n and TOC.
    Figure  5.  Comprehensive analysis diagram of the ancient lake information in the argillaceous source rocks section.

    Ancient water properties (redox conditions, paleosalinity) played an important role in the formation of argillaceous source rocks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze this ancient lake information.

    Redox conditions are one of the key factors for the preservation and hydrocarbon generation potential of organic matter. V/Cr ratio is often used to discriminate the redox conditions. V/Cr value less than 2.0 indicates oxic environment, the value ranging from 2.0 to 4.25 indicates dysoxic environment, the value greater than 4.25 indicates anoxic environment (Li et al., 2011; Wang, 2003; Jones and Manning, 1994; Hatch and Leventhal, 1992). The V/Cr value of argillaceous source rocks ranges from 1.53 to 5.71, averaging 3.73. It means that most samples were formed in the anoxic environment and dysoxic environment. Individual samples were formed in the oxic environment.

    V/(V+Ni) ratio also can be used to discriminate the redox conditions. V/(V+Ni) ratio value greater than 0.6 indicates anoxic environment, and the value ranging from 0.46 to 0.6 indicates dysoxic environment. The value less than 0.46 indicates oxic environment (Li et al., 2011; Wang, 2003; Jones and Manning et al., 1994; Hatch and Leventhal, 1992). The V/(V+Ni) ratio value of argillaceous source rocks ranges from 0.42 to 0.96, averaging 0.75, which also means that most samples were formed in the anoxic environment and dysoxic environment. Individual samples were formed in the oxic environment (Fig. 3b). As shown in Fig. 5, most samples were formed in anoxic environment; only 4 samples were formed in the oxic environment, which means that the redox conditions of the argillaceous source rocks section is stable. Only the individual layers are oxic environment. In addition, the correlation between V/(V+Ni) ratio and TOC value vertical variation curves is not significant. This means that the redox conditions are not the decisive control factor for the organic matter content.

    Appropriate salinity is conductive to the growth and development of microorganisms in the lake, which may improve the lake productivity. Ca/(Ca+Fe) value is sensitive to the changes of paleosalinity. Ca/(Ca+Fe) value greater than 0.8 indicates salt water, the value ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 indicates brackish water. The value less than 0.4 indicate fresh water (Hu et al., 2012a; Lan et al., 1987). The Ca/(Ca+Fe) value in samples ranges from 0.3 to 0.96, averaging 0.62. It means that some argillaceous source rocks were mainly formed in the brackish water environment and fresh water environment. Other samples were formed in the salt water environment.

    B/Ga ratio is also a good salinity discriminant parameter. The ratio value greater than 5.0 indicates salt water, and the value ranging from 3.0 to 5.0 indicates brackish water. The value less than 3.0 indicates fresh water (Hu et al., 2012b; Deng and Qian, 1993). The B/Ga value in samples ranges from 2.44 to 8.18, averaging 4.42, which also means that most samples were formed in the brackish water and fresh water. Other samples were formed in the salt water environment, as shown in Fig. 3c. There is a linear relationship between B/Ga and Ca/(Ca+Fe) value. Therefore, these two parameters can be used to comprehensively judge the paleosalinity in each sample. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the correlation trends between the B/Ga ratio value and TOC value vertical variation curves is not obvious. It means that paleosalinity is not the main control factor for the organic matter enrichment of the argillaceous source rocks either.

    The organic matter in sedimentary rocks mainly comes from the terrigenous organic matter and the lake endogenous organic matter. The content of the lake endogenous organic matter is far greater than the injected terrigenous organic matter. So it is very necessary to study the lake endogenous productivity of the argillaceous source rocks section.

    Elements Mo and U are often used to distinguish the size of the lake endogenous productivity. Generally, the high abundance represents high productivity; low abundance represents low productivity (Lyons et al., 2003; Chase et al., 2001; Wilde et al., 2001). As shown in Fig. 3d, the linear correlation between Mo and U is obvious. Therefore, they can be used to distinguish the relative size of the lake productivity in samples comprehensively (according to the distribution range of U and Mo content in samples. Mo less than 3.0 and U less than 2.0 represent the relatively smaller lake productivity, Mo ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 and U ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 represent the medium lake productivity, Mo greater than 4.0 and U greater than 3.0 represents the higher lake productivity). As shown in Fig. 5, most samples have medium-high lake productivity. Only individual samples have low lake productivity. In addition, the vertical variation curves of Mo content and TOC value show the similar trend, which means that lake productivity plays an important role in the enrichment of organic matter, while some samples don't comply with this law. It also means that this control role is not absolute.

    With the analysis of ancient lake information characteristics in argillaceous source rocks section, the evolution history of it can be described.

    The argillaceous source rocks section is divided into 6 Subsections according to the vertical variation features of ancient lake information and the TOC value. The ancient lake information parameters characteristics in each Subsection can be described in Table 2.

    Table  2.  Ancient lake information evolution features of the argillaceous source rocks section
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    The ancient lake evolution history may be described as follows: Subsection I was mainly arid climate. The water conditions were oxic alternating with anoxic environment and brackish water environment. Lake productivity was low-medium, leading the TOC value to be low. Subsection II was mainly humid climate, the water conditions changed from fresh water to brackish water environment. Lake productivity was medium to high. Abundant organic matter with the moderate sedimentary rate deposited, the high TOC value formed. Subsection III was humid-arid climate. The water conditions were fresh water-salt water environment and anoxic environment. The lake productivity changed greatly and deposited with medium-fast sedimentary rate. The argillaceous source rocks with different TOC value were formed in this Subsection. Subsection IV was humid climate. The water conditions were fresh water environment and anoxic environment. High lake productivity was produced in this Subsection with the moderate-fast sedimentary rate preserved. The high TOC value argillaceous source rocks were formed in this Subsection. The evolution history of the Subsection V was very complex. Paleoclimate ranged from arid to humid, and the water conditions alternated with fresh water and salt water environment. The lake productivity of this Subsection changed frequently. Organic matter deposited with different sedimentary rate. The argillaceous source rocks with different TOC value were formed in this Subsection. Subsection VI was humid climate. The water conditions were freshwater environment and anoxic environment. The medium-high lake productivity slowed down with the moderate sedimentary rate. The high TOC value was formed in this Subsection.

    The argillaceous source rocks section is divided into 6 Subsections according to the vertical variation features of ancient lake information and the TOC value. Subsection I mainly developed low-quality source rocks. This is because of the arid climate, high salinity, low lake productivity, unstable preservation conditions in this Subsection. Subsection II mainly developed high-quality source rocks. This is because of the humid climate, low salinity, high lake productivity, stable preservation conditions in this Subsection. Though the paleoclimate was humid and preservation conditions were stable. Lake productivity and the water salinity changed frequently. So Subsection III mainly developed medium quality source rocks. Because of the humid climate, high lake productivity, medium sedimentary rate, stable preservation conditions, high-quality source rocks were developed in Subsection IV. The preservation conditions were stable, but other ancient lake information changed frequently. Therefore, the quality of the formed source rocks in Subsection V was different. Subsection VI mainly developed high-quality source rocks because of the humid climate, medium sedimentary rate, high lake productivity, low salinity and good preservation conditions. So we can draw the conclusions that the ancient lake information parameters and TOC characteristics of each Subsection are different form each other, the ancient lake information evolution history of the argillaceous source rocks in Lucaogou Formation in Sangonghe area is complex.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We appreciate the collaboration and enthusiastic support of Dr. Huijun Chen senior engineer from Shenyang Geological Survey Center.
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