New Insight into Factors Controlling Organic Matter Distribution in Lower Cambrian Source Rocks: A Study from the Qiongzhusi Formation in South China

Shucan Zheng; Qinglai Feng; Nicolas Tribovillard; Thomas Servais; Yan Zhang; Bo Gao

doi:10.1007/s12583-019-1240-y

Volume 31 Issue 1

Jan 2020

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Journal of Earth Science > 2020 > 31(1): 181-194.

Shucan Zheng, Qinglai Feng, Nicolas Tribovillard, Thomas Servais, Yan Zhang, Bo Gao. New Insight into Factors Controlling Organic Matter Distribution in Lower Cambrian Source Rocks: A Study from the Qiongzhusi Formation in South China. Journal of Earth Science, 2020, 31(1): 181-194. doi: 10.1007/s12583-019-1240-y

Citation:

Shucan Zheng, Qinglai Feng, Nicolas Tribovillard, Thomas Servais, Yan Zhang, Bo Gao. New Insight into Factors Controlling Organic Matter Distribution in Lower Cambrian Source Rocks: A Study from the Qiongzhusi Formation in South China. Journal of Earth Science, 2020, 31(1): 181-194. doi: 10.1007/s12583-019-1240-y

Citation:

Shucan Zheng, Qinglai Feng, Nicolas Tribovillard, Thomas Servais, Yan Zhang, Bo Gao. New Insight into Factors Controlling Organic Matter Distribution in Lower Cambrian Source Rocks: A Study from the Qiongzhusi Formation in South China. Journal of Earth Science, 2020, 31(1): 181-194. doi: 10.1007/s12583-019-1240-y

PDF( 2406 KB)

New Insight into Factors Controlling Organic Matter Distribution in Lower Cambrian Source Rocks: A Study from the Qiongzhusi Formation in South China

doi: 10.1007/s12583-019-1240-y

Shucan Zheng^{1,2
,
,
,},
Qinglai Feng^{1,2
,},
Nicolas Tribovillard^3,4,
Thomas Servais⁴,
Yan Zhang^1,2,
Bo Gao⁵

1.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
University of the Littoral Opal Coast, UMR 8187 LOG, F-59000 Lille, France
4.
University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
5.
Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Shucan Zheng
Received Date: 10 Jun 2019
Accepted Date: 03 Sep 2019
Publish Date: 01 Jan 2020

Abstract

Abstract

Sedimentary organic matter (OM) is a major reservoir of organic carbon in the global carbon cycle. Despite many studies, there still exist many debates on the mechanism of OM accumulation and preservation in marine sediments. We present a new field study of a Lower Cambrian shallow marine shelf sequence in the northern edge of the Yangtze Plate, China. Our results show that palynological OM and biogenic silica (Bio-Si) could be used alongside more conventional redox and paleo-productivity proxies to study the distribution of OM in marine sediments. The qualitative and quantitative study of palynological OM provides more detailed information on the nature of sedimentary organic carbon, which can be helpful in the assessment of primary productivity and OM preservation. In addition, the presence of Bio-Si stimulates the physical preservation of OM. Further analysis indicates that an increase in Bio-Si can promote OM preservation. This case-study provides insight into the intertwined factors controlling OM accumulation in the Early Cambrian.
- organic-rich sediment,
- organic matter distribution,
- type and origin of OM,
- biogenic silica,
- Lower Cambrian

FullText(HTML)

References(128)

References

Adachi, M., Yamamoto, K., Sugisaki, R., 1986. Hydrothermal Chert and Associated Siliceous Rocks from the Northern Pacific Their Geological Significance as Indication Od Ocean Ridge Activity. Sedimentary Geology, 47(1/2): 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90075-8

Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T. W., 2006. Mo-Total Organic Carbon Covariation in Modern Anoxic Marine Environments: Implications for Analysis of Paleoredox and Paleohydrographic Conditions. Paleoceanography, 21(1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001112

Algeo, T. J., Maynard, J. B., 2004. Trace-Element Behavior and Redox Facies in Core Shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-Type Cyclothems. Chemical Geology, 206(3/4): 289-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.009

Algeo, T. J., Tribovillard, N., 2009. Environmental Analysis of Paleoceanographic Systems Based on Molybdenum-Uranium Covariation. Chemical Geology, 268(3/4): 211-225. https://doi.org/10.13039/100000001

Arsairai, B., Wannakomol, A., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2016. Paleoproductivity and Paleoredox Condition of the Huai Hin Lat Formation in Northeastern Thailand. Journal of Earth Science, 27(3): 350-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0666-8

Banahan, S., Goering, J. J., 1986. The Production of Biogenic Silica and Its Accumulation on the Southeastern Bering Sea Shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 5(1/2): 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90015-4

Batten, D. J., 1996. Palynofacies and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 3: 1011-1064

Batten, S. D., Freeland, H. J., 2007. Plankton Populations at the Bifurcation of the North Pacific Current. Fisheries Oceanography, 16(6): 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00448.x

Bhattacharya, S., Dutta, S., 2015. Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Biota and Ancient Niche: A Synthesis from Molecular Markers and Palynomorphs from Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, Western India. Precambrian Research, 266: 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.029

Braun, A., Chen, J., Waloszek, D., et al., 2007. First Early Cambrian Radiolaria. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 286(1): 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp286.10

Brooks, S. J., Harman, C., Hultman, M. T., et al., 2015. Integrated Biomarker Assessment of the Effects of Tailing Discharges from an Iron Ore Mine Using Blue Mussels (Mytilus Spp.). Science of the Total Environment, 524-525: 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.135

Burdige, D. J., 2006. Data Report: Dissolved Carbohydrates in Interstitial Waters from the Equatorial Pacific and Peru Margin. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results, 201: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.201.118.2006

Burdige, D. J., 2007. Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments: Controls, Mechanisms, and an Imbalance in Sediment Organic Carbon Budgets?. Chemical Reviews, 107 (2): 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050347q

Butterfield, N. J., 2007. Macroevolution and Macroecology through Deep Time. Palaeontology, 50(1): 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x

Butterfield, N. J., 2011. Animals and the Invention of the Phanerozoic Earth System. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26(2): 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.012

Cao, W., 2014. Cambrian Series 2 Shuijingtuo Formation Radiolarian Fauna from Zigui: [Dissertation]. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan. 49 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Caron, D. A., Michaels, A. F., Swanberg, N. R., et al., 1995. Primary Productivity by Symbiont-Bearing Planktonic Sarcodines (Acantharia, Radiolaria, Foraminifera) in Surface Waters near Bermuda. Journal of Plankton Research, 17(1): 103-129. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.1.103

Chang, S., Feng, Q. L., Clausen, S., et al., 2017. Sponge Spicules from the Lower Cambrian in the Yanjiahe Formation, South China: The Earliest Biomineralizing Sponge Record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 474: 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.032

Chang, S., Clausen, S., Zhang, L., et al., 2018. New Probable Cnidarian Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of the Three Gorges Area, South China, and Their Ecological Implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 505: 150-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.039

Chen, D. Z., Wang, J. G., Qing, H. R., et al., 2009. Hydrothermal Venting Activities in the Early Cambrian, South China: Petrological, Geochronological and Stable Isotopic Constraints. Chemical Geology, 258(3/4): 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.016

Chen, X., Ling, H. F., Vance, D., et al., 2015. Rise to Modern Levels of Ocean Oxygenation Coincided with the Cambrian Radiation of Animals. Nature Communications, 6(1): 7142. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8142

Ciglenečki, I., Ćosović, B., Vojvodić, V., et al., 2000. The Role of Reduced Sulfur Species in the Coalescence of Polysaccharides in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Chemistry, 71(3/4): 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00051-7

Cremonese, L., Shields-Zhou, G. A., Struck, U., et al., 2014. Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of the Yangtze Platform during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 398: 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.016

Demaison, G. J., Moore, G. T., 1980. Anoxic Environments and Oil Source Bed Genesis. Organic Geochemistry, 2(1): 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(80)90017-0

Dennett, M. R., 2002. Video Plankton Recorder Reveals High Abundances of Colonial Radiolaria in Surface Waters of the Central North Pacific. Journal of Plankton Research, 24(8): 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/24.8.797

Ding, Z. J., Bourven, I., Guibaud, G., et al., 2015. Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) Production in Bioaggregation: Application to Wastewater Treatment. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(23): 9883-9905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6964-8

Dong, L., Shen, B., Lee, C. T. A., et al., 2015. Germanium/Silicon of the Ediacaran-Cambrian Laobao Cherts: Implications for the Bedded Chert Formation and Paleoenvironment Interpretations. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 16(3): 751-763. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005595

Du, R. L., Tian, L. F., 1986. Macroalgae of Qingbaikouan Period in Yanshan Area. Hebei Science and Technology Press, Shijiazhuang. 114 (in Chinese)

Flemming, H. C., Neu, T. R., Wozniak, D. J., 2007. The EPS Matrix: The "House of Biofilm Cells". Journal of Bacteriology, 189(22): 7945-7947. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00858-07

Gelin, F., Volkman, J. K., Largeau, C., et al., 1999. Distribution of Aliphatic, Nonhydrolyzable Biopolymers in Marine Microalgae. Organic Geochemistry, 30(2/3): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00206-x

Gendron-Badou, A., Coradin, T., Maquet, J., et al., 2003. Spectroscopic Characterization of Biogenic Silica. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 316(2/3): 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(02)01634-4

Graz, Y., Di-Giovanni, C., Copard, Y., et al., 2010. Quantitative Palynofacies Analysis as a New Tool to Study Transfers of Fossil Organic Matter in Recent Terrestrial Environments. International Journal of Coal Geology, 84(1): 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.08.006

Guilbaud, R., Slater, B. J., Poulton, S. W., et al., 2018. Oxygen Minimum Zones in the Early Cambrian Ocean. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 6: 33-38. https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.22469

Guo, J. F., 2009. Yanjiahe Biota from the Early Cambrian of Yichang, Hubei, China: [Dissertation]. Northwest University, Chongqing. 166 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Guo, J. F., Li, Y., Shu, D., 2010. Fossil Macroscopic Algae from the Yanjiahe Formation, Terreneuvian of the Three Gorges Area, South China. Acta Palaeonotologica Sinica, 49(3): 144-149 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gswxb201003005

Guo, J. F., Li, Y., Li, G. X., 2014. Small Shelly Fossils from the Early Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation, Yichang, Hubei, China. Gondwana Research, 25(3): 999-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.03.007

Guo, Q. J., Strauss, H., Liu, C. Q., et al., 2007a. Carbon Isotopic Evolution of the Terminal Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian: Evidence from the Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1/2): 140-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.014

Guo, Q. J., Shields, G. A., Liu, C. Q., et al., 2007b. Trace Element Chemostratigraphy of Two Ediacaran-Cambrian Successions in South China: Implications for Organosedimentary Metal Enrichment and Silicification in the Early Cambrian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1/2): 194-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.016

Guo, Q. J., Strauss, H., Zhu, M. Y., et al., 2013. High Resolution Organic Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy from a Slope to Basinal Setting on the Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. Precambrian Research, 225: 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.003

Haq, B. U., Schutter, S. R., 2008. A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes. Science, 322(5898): 64-68. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161648

Hartnett, H. E., Keil, R. G., Hedges, J. I., et al., 1998. Influence of Oxygen Exposure Time on Organic Carbon Preservation in Continental Margin Sediments. Nature, 391(6667): 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1038/35351

Hatch, J. R., Leventhal, J. S., 1992. Relationship between Inferred Redox Potential of the Depositional Environment and Geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U.S.A.. Chemical Geology, 99(1/2/3): 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90031-y

Hu, J., Zhang, S. T., Zhang, G. Z., et al., 2018. Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Eshan Granites in the Southwestern Margin of the Yangtze Plate, Yunnan. Journal of Earth Science, 29(1): 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0747-3

Hu, J., 2008. The Cherty Microbolite in the Deeper Water Facies during the Precambrian-Cambrian Transitional Period in Northeast Guangxi Province, China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinia, 25(3): 291-305 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=wtgswxb200803008

Hu, L., Zhu, Y. M., Chen, S. B., et al., 2012. Resource Potential Analysis of Shale Gas in Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in Middle & Upper Yangtze Region. Journal of China Coal Society, 37(11): 1871-1877 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/mtxb201211018

Huc, A. Y., Bertrand, P., Stow, D. A. V., 2000. Depositional Processes of Source Rocks in Deep Offshore Settings; Quaternary Analogs. Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts-American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 70 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=f700bfae28d166f8d02b750afc7df6bb&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

Jiang, G. Q., Wang, X. Q., Shi, X. Y., et al., 2012. The Origin of Decoupled Carbonate and Organic Carbon Isotope Signatures in the Early Cambrian (ca. 542-520 Ma) Yangtze Platform. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 317-318: 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.018

Jiang, X. F., Peng, S. B., Kusky, T. M., et al., 2018. Petrogenesis and Geotectonic Significance of Early-Neoproterozoic Olivine-Gabbro within the Yangtze Craton: Constrains from the Mineral Composition, U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of Zircons. Journal of Earth Science, 29(1): 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-018-0821-5

Jin, C. S., Li, C., Algeo, T. J., et al., 2016. A Highly Redox-Heterogeneous Ocean in South China during the Early Cambrian (~529-514 Ma): Implications for Biota-Environment Co-Evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 441: 38-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.019

Jones, B., Manning, D. A. C., 1994. Comparison of Geochemical Indices Used for the Interpretation of Palaeoredox Conditions in Ancient Mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111(1/2/3/4): 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-x

Jack, C. R. Jr, Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., et al., 2010. Hypothetical Model of Dynamic Biomarkers of the Alzheimer's Pathological Cascade. The Lancet Neurology, 9(1): 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70299-6

Kennedy, M. J., 2002. Mineral Surface Control of Organic Carbon in Black Shale. Science, 295(5555): 657-660. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066611

Lee, C., Wakeham, S. G., 1992. Organic Matter in the Water Column: Future Research Challenges. Marine Chemistry, 39(1/2/3): 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90097-t

Lebrato, M., Pahlow, M., Oschlies, A., et al., 2011. Depth Attenuation of Organic Matter Export Associated with Jelly Falls. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(5): 1917-1928. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1917

Lebrato, M., Mendes, P. D. J., Steinberg, D. K., et al., 2013. Jelly Biomass Sinking Speed Reveals a Fast Carbon Export Mechanism. Limnology and Oceanography, 58(3): 1113-1122. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.1113

Lei, Y., Servais, T., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2012. The Spatial (Nearshore-Offshore) Distribution of Latest Permian Phytoplankton from the Yangtze Block, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 363-364: 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.010

Li, J., Xie, X., Lin, Z., 2009. Organic Matter Enrichment of the Dalong Formation in Guangyuan Area of the Sichuan Basin. Geological Science and Technology Information, 28(2): 98-103 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=1cc5a5332b6d82120086df84dcb11a86&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

Li, J., He, D., 2014. Palaeogeography and Tectonic-Depositional Environment Evolution of the Cambrian in Sichuan Basin and Adjacent Areas. Journal of Palaeogeography, 16(4): 441-460 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gdlxb201404002

Li, J. G., Batten, D. J., 2005. Palynofacies: Principles and Methods. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 44(1): 138-156 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/NSTL_QKJJ0231733855/

Li, Z. Q., 2015. The Distribution and Influencing Factors of Terrestrial Organic Matter in the Typical Systems: [Dissertation]. East China Normal University, Shanghai. 186 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Little, S. H., Vance, D., Lyons, T. W., et al., 2015. Controls on Trace Metal Authigenic Enrichment in Reducing Sediments: Insights from Modern Oxygen-Deficient Settings. American Journal of Science, 315(2): 77-119. https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2015.01

Lu, L., Qin, J. Z., Shen, B. J., et al., 2018. Biogenetic Evidence of Siliceous Shale in the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze Area and Its Relationship with Shale Gas Enrichment. Journal of Geoscience, 4: 226-236 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Luo, H. L., Jiang, Z. W., Tang, L. D., 1994. Stratotype Section for Lower Cambrian Stages in China. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming. 183 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Lyle, M., Murray, D. W., Finney, B. P., et al., 1988. The Record of Late Pleistocene Biogenic Sedimentation in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. Paleoceanography, 3(1): 39-59. https://doi.org/10.1029/pa003i001p00039

Ma, Q. F., Feng, Q. L., Cao, W. C., et al., 2019. Radiolarian Fauna from the Chiungchussuan Shuijingtuo Formation (Cambrian Series 2) in Western Hubei Province, South China. Science China Earth Sciences, 62: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9335-0

Maliva, R. G., Knoll, A. H., Siever, R., 1989. Secular Change in Chert Distribution: A Reflection of Evolving Biological Participation in the Silica Cycle. Palaios, 4(6): 519-532. https://doi.org/10.2307/3514743

Mecozzi, M., Acquistucci, R., Di Noto, V., et al., 2001. Characterization of Mucilage Aggregates in Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea: Structure Similarities between Mucilage Samples and the Insoluble Fractions of Marine Humic Substance. Chemosphere, 44(4): 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00375-1

Meyers, S. R., Sageman, B. B., Lyons, T. W., 2005. Organic Carbon Burial Rate and the Molybdenum Proxy: Theoretical Framework and Application to Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Paleoceanography, 20(2): 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001068

Miller, K. G., 2005. The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change. Science, 310(5752): 1293-1298. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412

Mo, X., 2012. Study of Stratigraphic Classification and the Variance of Sedimentary System of Cambrian Stratum in Guangyuan Area: [Dissertation]. Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu. 69 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Moczydłowska, M., Zang, W. L., 2006. The Early Cambrian Acritarch Skiagia and Its Significance for Global Correlation. Palaeoworld, 15(3/4): 328-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2006.10.003

Moczydłowska, M., Willman, S., 2009. Ultrastructure of Cell Walls in Ancient Microfossils as a Proxy to Their Biological Affinities. Precambrian Research, 173(1/2/3/4): 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2009.02.006

Moczydłowska, M., 2011. The Early Cambrian Phytoplankton Radiation: Acritarch Evidence from the Lükati Formation, Estonia. Palynology, 35(1): 103-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2011.552563

Obeid, W., Salmon, E., Lewan, M. D., et al., 2015. Hydrous Pyrolysis of Scenedesmus Algae and Algaenan-Like Residue. Organic Geochemistry, 85: 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.04.001

Parrish, J. T., 1982. Upwelling and Petroleum Source Beds, with Reference to Palaeozoic, Deep Sea Research Part B. AAPG Bulletin, 66: 750-774. https://doi.org/10.1306/03b5a30e-16d1-11d7-8645000102c1865d

Pedersen, T. F., Calvert, S. E., 1990. Anoxia versus Productivity: What Controls the Formation of Organic-Carbon-Rich Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks? (1). AAPG Bulletin, 74(4): 454-466. https://doi.org/10.1306/0c9b232b-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d

Piper, D. Z., Perkins, R. B., 2004. A Modern vs. Permian Black Shale—The Hydrography, Primary Productivity, and Water-Column Chemistry of Deposition. Chemical Geology, 206(3/4): 177-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.006

Poulton, S. W., Fralick, P. W., Canfield, D. E., 2010. Spatial Variability in Oceanic Redox Structure 1.8 Billion Years Ago. Nature Geoscience, 3(7): 486-490. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo889

Racki, G., Cordey, F., 2000. Radiolarian Palaeoecology and Radiolarites: Is the Present the Key to the Past?. Earth-Science Reviews, 52(1/2/3): 83-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(00)00024-6

Robinson, D. H., Sullivan, C. W., 1987. How do Diatoms Make Silicon Biominerals?. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 12: 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(87)90072-7

Ross, D. J. K., Marc Bustin, R., 2009. The Importance of Shale Composition and Pore Structure upon Gas Storage Potential of Shale Gas Reservoirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(6): 916-927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.06.004

Sharma, M., Mishra, S., Dutta, S., et al., 2009. On the Affinity of Chuaria-Tawuia Complex: A Multidisciplinary Study. Precambrian Research, 173(1/2/3/4): 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2009.04.003

Shen, J., Schoepfer, S. D., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2015. Marine Productivity Changes during the End-Permian Crisis and Early Triassic Recovery. Earth-Science Reviews, 149: 136-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.002

Steiner, M., Zhu, M., Weber, B., et al., 2001. The Lower Cambrian of Eastern Yunnan: Trilobite-Based Biostratigraphy and Related Faunas. Acta Palaeont Sinica, 40: 63-79 (in Chinese with English Abstract) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236610439_The_Lower_Cambrian_of_Eastern_Yunnan_Trilobite-based_biostratigraphy_and_related_faunas

Steiner, M., Li, G. X., Qian, Y., et al., 2004. Lower Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils of Northern Sichuan and Southern Shaanxi (China), and Their Biostratigraphic Importance. Geobios, 37(2): 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.08.001

Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

Tian, W., Pan, L., Jiang, L., 2001. A Discussion on "Paleo-Island of Central Hubei" in Early Stage of Lower Cambrian Epoch. Hubei Geology & Mineral Resources, 15(4): 7-11 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://dict.cnki.net/h_242256000.html

Traverse, A., 2007. Differential Sorting of Palynomorphs into Sediments: Palynofacies, Palynodebris, Discordant Palynomorphs. Paleopalynology, 579: 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5610-9_18

Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T., et al., 2006. Trace Metals as Paleoredox and Paleoproductivity Proxies: An Update. Chemical Geology, 232(1/2): 12-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012

Tucker, M. E., 1992. The Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary: Seawater Chemistry, Ocean Circulation and Nutrient Supply in Metazoan Evolution, Extinction and Biomineralization. Journal of the Geological Society, 149(4): 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0655

Turgeon, S., Brumsack, H. J., 2006. Anoxic vs Dysoxic Events Reflected in Sediment Geochemistry during the Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Event (Cretaceous) in the Umbria-Marche Basin of Central Italy. Chemical Geology, 234(3/4): 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.05.008

Tyson, R. V., 1987. The Genesis and Palynofacies Characteristics of Marine Petroleum Source Rocks. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 26(1): 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.026.01.03

Tyson, R. V., Pearson, T. H., 1991. Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia: An Overview. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 58(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.058.01.01

Tyson, R. V., 2005. The "Productivity versus Preservation" Controversy; Cause, Flaws, Andresolution. In: Harris, N. B., ed., Deposition of

Organic-Carbon-Rich Sediments: Models, Mechanisms, and Consequences. Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication, 82: 17-33. https: //doi.org/10.2110/pec.05.82.0017

van de Velde, S., 2018. Electron Shuttling and Elemental Cycling in the Seafloor: [Dissertation]. Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Universiteit Antwerpen, Brussel/Antwerpen. 352

van de Velde, S., Mills, B. J. W., Meysman, F. J. R., et al., 2018. Early Palaeozoic Ocean Anoxia and Global Warming Driven by the Evolution of Shallow Burrowing. Nature Communications, 9(1): 2554-2564. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04973-4

Vandenbroucke, M., Largeau, C., 2007. Kerogen Origin, Evolution and Structure. Organic Geochemistry, 38(5): 719-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.01.001

Verdugo, P., Alldredge, A. L., Azam, F., et al., 2004. The Oceanic Gel Phase: A Bridge in the DOM-POM Continuum. Marine Chemistry, 92(1/2/3/4): 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.017

Verdugo, P., Santschi, P. H., 2010. Polymer Dynamics of DOC Networks and Gel Formation in Seawater. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57(16): 1486-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.03.002

Verlaan, P. A., 2008. The Role of Primary-Producer-Mediated Organic Complexation in Regional Variation in the Supply of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn to Oceanic, Non-Hydrothermal Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 26(4): 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190802459704

Volcani, B. E., Simpson, T. L., Volcani, B. E., 1981. Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. 157-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5944-2_2

Wang, J. G., Chen, D. Z., Yan, D. T., et al., 2012. Evolution from an Anoxic to Oxic Deep Ocean during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition and Implications for Bioradiation. Chemical Geology, 306-307: 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.005

Wang, J., Li, X., Huang, W., 2014. The Shale Gas Exploration Prospect Assesses of the Niutitang Formation in Western Hubei and Hunan-Eastern Chongqing. Geological Science and Technology Information, 33: 98-103 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ201404016.htm

Wu, W., Zhu, M. Y., Steiner, M., 2014. Composition and Tiering of the Cambrian Sponge Communities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 398: 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.08.003

Xia, M. L., Wen, L., Wang, Y. G., et al., 2010. High Quality Source Rocks in Trough Facies of Upper Permian Dalong Formation, Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 37(6): 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(11)60002-5

Xiang, Y., Feng, Q. L., Shen, J., et al., 2013. Changhsingian Radiolarian Fauna from Anshun of Guizhou, and Its Relationship to TOC and Paleo-Productivity. Science China Earth Sciences, 56(8): 1334-1342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4615-4

Xiao, S. H., Hu, J., Yuan, X. L., et al., 2005. Articulated Sponges from the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in Southern Anhui, South China: Their Age and Implications for the Early Evolution of Sponges. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220(1/2): 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2002.02.001

Xing, Y., 1982. Microflora of the Sinian System and Lower Cambrian near Kunming, Yunnan and Its Stratigraphical Significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 56(1): 42-50 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE198201003.htm

Xu, L. G., Lehmann, B., Mao, J. W., et al., 2012. Mo Isotope and Trace Element Patterns of Lower Cambrian Black Shales in South China: Multi-Proxy Constraints on the Paleoenvironment. Chemical Geology, 318-319: 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.05.016

Yamamoto, K., 1987. Geochemical Characteristics and Depositional Environments of Cherts and Associated Rocks in the Franciscan and Shimanto Terranes. Sedimentary Geology, 52(1/2): 65-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(87)90017-0

Yang, A. H., Zhu, M. Y., Zhang, J. M., et al., 2003. Early Cambrian Eodiscoid Trilobites of the Yangtze Platform and Their Stratigraphic Implications. Progress in Natural Science, 13(11): 861-866. https://doi.org/10.1080/10020070312331344560

Yang, R. D., Zhao, Y. L., Guo, Q. J., 1999. Algae and Acritarchs and Their Palaeooceanographic Significance from the Early Cambrian Black Shale in Guizhou, China. Acta Palaeonto Logica Sinica, 38: 154-160 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=14e5f5a5bec0e25a041f5cdac39a938a&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

Yin, F., Xue, X., 2001. Early Radiation of Acritarch and Its Significance. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 31(5): 409-411 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=8beb93c975527cad79534b17dc670274&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

Yin, L., 1987. New Data of Microfossils from Precambrian-Cambrian Cherts in Ningqiang, South Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 26(2): 187-195 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Yin, L., 2006. Acritarch Study in China. Science Press, Beijing. 222 (in Chinese)

Yuan, X. L., Xiao, S. H., Parsley, R. L., et al., 2002. Towering Sponges in an Early Cambrian Lagerstätte: Disparity between Nonbilaterian and Bilaterian Epifaunal Tierers at the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Transition. Geology, 30(4): 363-366. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030 < 0363:tsiaec > 2.0.co; 2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0363:tsiaec>2.0.co;2

Zhang, L., Danelian, T., Feng, Q. L., et al., 2013. On the Lower Cambrian Biotic and Geochemical Record of the Hetang Formation (Yangtze Platform, South China): Evidence for Biogenic Silica and Possible Presence of Radiolaria. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 32(2): 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2013-003

Zhang, L., 2014. Study on the Biota and Its Co-Evolution to the Paleoenvironment in the Early Cambrian of the Eastern Yangtze Gorges and Western Zhejiang, China: [Dissertation]. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan. 158 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Zhang, S., Zhang, B., Bian, L., et al., 2007. The Accumulation of Red Algae from the Oil Shale of 800 Million Years Old Xiaoling Formation. Science in China Series D: Earth Science, 37(5): 636-643 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

Zhang, X. G., Pratt, B. R., 1994. New and Extraordinary Early Cambrian Sponge Spicule Assemblage from China. Geology, 22(1): 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022 < 0043:naeecs > 2.3.co; 2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0043:naeecs>2.3.co;2

Zhang, L. W., Huang, J. H., Liang, Q., et al., 2007. Geological Characteristics and Ore Prospect of the Black Layers in the Doushantuo and Niutitang Formations in Guizhou Province. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 27(1): 456-460 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KWXB2007Z1034.htm

Zhang, Y., Zheng, S., Gao, B., et al., 2017. Distribution Characteristics and Enrichment Factors of Organic Matter in Upper Permian Dalong Formation of Shangsi Section, Guangyuan, Sichuan Basin. Earth Science, 42(6): 1009-1025. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2017.534 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.534(inChinesewithEnglishAbstract)

Zhang, K., Feng, Q. L., 2019. Early Cambrian Radiolarians and Sponge Spicules from the Niujiaohe Formation in South China. Palaeoworld, 28(3): 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.04.001.

Zhao, Y. L., Steiner, M., Yang, R. D., et al., 1999. Discovery and Significance of the Early Metazoan Biotas from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation Zunyi, Guizhou, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 38(Suppl.): 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcom-04-2012-0030

Zheng, H. L., Yang, X. L., Zhao, Y. L., et al., 2014. Stratigraphic Significance of Eodiscoids from the Niutitang Formation (Cambrian) in Jinsha County, Guizhou Province. Journal of Guizhou University (Natural Sciences), 31(1): 32-37 (in Chinese with English Abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GZDI201401008.htm

Zhou, C. M., Jiang, S. Y., 2009. Palaeoceanographic Redox Environments for the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in South China: Evidence from Pyrite Framboids, Redox Sensitive Trace Elements, and Sponge Biota Occurrence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271(3/4): 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.024

Zhu, X. J., Cai, J. G., Wang, X. J., et al., 2014. Effects of Organic Components on the Relationships between Specific Surface Areas and Organic Matter in Mudrocks. International Journal of Coal Geology, 133: 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.08.009

Relative Articles

Supplements(2)