Advanced Search

Indexed by SCI、CA、РЖ、PA、CSA、ZR、etc .

Volume 34 Issue 1
Feb 2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Mohamed Tawfik, Abelbaset S. El-Sorogy, Khaled Al-Kahtany. Facies Associations and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Toarcian Marrat Formation (Saudi Arabia) and Their Equivalents in Some Gondwanaland Regions. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(1): 242-259. doi: 10.1007/s12583-020-1379-6
Citation: Mohamed Tawfik, Abelbaset S. El-Sorogy, Khaled Al-Kahtany. Facies Associations and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Toarcian Marrat Formation (Saudi Arabia) and Their Equivalents in Some Gondwanaland Regions. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(1): 242-259. doi: 10.1007/s12583-020-1379-6

Facies Associations and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Toarcian Marrat Formation (Saudi Arabia) and Their Equivalents in Some Gondwanaland Regions

doi: 10.1007/s12583-020-1379-6
More Information
  • Corresponding author: Mohamed Tawfik, tawfik3030@gmail.com
  • Received Date: 04 Aug 2020
  • Accepted Date: 29 Nov 2020
  • Available Online: 02 Feb 2023
  • Issue Publish Date: 28 Feb 2023
  • The Toarcian Marrat Formation is exposed in outcrops in central Saudi Arabia and displays a variety of clastic and carbonate facies associated with well-preserved depositional geometries. It is unconformably overlies the Triassic Minjur Formation and it in turn is overlaid by the Middle Jurassic Dhruma Formation. Thirteen lithofacies types can be identified that permit the recognition of five lithofacies associations in a mixed clastic/carbonate platform. These lithofacies range from low-energy peritidal, intertidal, and back-shoal to moderate- and high-energy shoal and foreshoal lithofacies associations. The Marrat Formation exhibits three depositional sequences, each sequence is grouped into a transgressive systems tract (TST) and a highstand systems tract (HST) and then bounded by sequence boundary surfaces (SBSs). The TSTs are generally identified in clastic tidal-flat beds and back-shoal wackestones, while the HST is generally recorded in the carbonate tidal-flat and shoal. The vertical succession of facies associations from peritidal to foreshoal depositional environments is indicative of a deepening upward and retrogradational systems tract, from Lower to Upper Toarcian. The correlation between the studied sections reveals a general shallowing towards the south and the similarities between the studied sequences and others in the Arabian Gulf, the northern Neo-Tethys Plate, and Gondwanaland countries.

     

  • Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material (Table S1) is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1379-6.
  • loading
  • Abdula, R. A., Balaky, S. M., Nourmohamadi, M. S., et al., 2015. Microfacies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Sargelu Formation (Middle Jurassic) from Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq. Donnish Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 1(1): 1–26
    Aghaei, A., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., et al., 2013. Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of an Upper Jurassic Carbonate Ramp in the Eastern Alborz Range and Binalud Mountains, NE Iran. Facies, 59(4): 863–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0339-8
    Al-Husseini, M. I., 1997. Jurassic Sequence Stratigraphy of the Western and Southern Arabian Gulf. GeoArabia, 2(4): 361–382. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0204361
    Al-Husseini, M. I., 2015. Arabian Orbital Stratigraphy Revisited―AROS 2015. GeoArabia, 20(4): 183–216. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia2004183
    Al-Husseini, M. I., Matthews, R. K., 2005. Tectono-Stratigraphic Note: Time Calibration of Late Carboniferous, Permian and Early Triassic Arabian Stratigraphy to Orbital-Forcing Predictions. GeoArabia, 10(2): 189–192. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1002189
    Aljinović, D., Horacek, M., Krystyn, L., et al., 2018. Western Tethyan Epeiric Ramp Setting in the Early Triassic: An Example from the Central Dinarides (Croatia). Journal of Earth Science, 29(4): 806–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-018-0787-3
    Al-Mojel, A., Dera, G., Razin, P., et al., 2018. Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of Jurassic Platform Carbonates from Saudi Arabia: Implications for Diagenesis, Correlations and Global Paleoenvironmental Changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511: 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.005
    Al-Naqib, S. Q., Al-Juboury, A. I., 2014. A New Look on the Jurassic Formations of the Western Part of Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(2): 559–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0820-2
    Al-Saad, H. A., Hewaidy, A. G. A. H., 1999. Lithofacies and Depositional Environments of the Lower Jurassic Sediments in Central Saudi Arabia. Qatar University Science Journal, 18: 231–246
    Alsahlan, G. A., Youssef, A., Kadar, A. P., et al., 2010. Early–Middle Jurassic Marrat Formation Onshore Kuwait: A Depositional Sequence Stratigraphic Framework. Innovative Geoscience Solutions―Meeting Hydrocarbon Demand in Changing Times. AAPG GEO Middle East Geoscience Conference and Exhibition, Manama, Bahrain
    Alsharhan, A. S., 1989. Petroleum Geology of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 12(3): 253–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1989.tb00197.x
    Alsharhan, A. S., Magara, K., 1994. The Jurassic of the Arabian Gulf Basin: Facies, Depositional Setting and Hydrocarbon Habitat. AAPG, 17: 397–412
    Alsharhan, A. S., Nairn, A. E. M., 2003. Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Geology of the Middle East. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 878. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044482465-3/50000-0
    Amorosi, A., 1997. Detecting Compositional, Spatial, and Temporal Attributes of Glaucony: A Tool for Provenance Research. Sedimentary Geology, 109(1/2): 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00042-5
    Angela, L., Bosence, D. W., Church, K. D., et al., 2003. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 287
    Arkell, W. J., Bramkamp, R. A., Steineke, M., 1952. Jurassic Ammonites from Jebel Tuwaiq, Central Arabia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences (1934–1990), 236(633): 241–314.
    Bernoulli, D., Jenkyns, H. C., 1974. Alpine, Mediterranean, and Central Atlantic Mesozoic Facies in Relation to the Early Evolution of the Tethys. In: Dott, R. H., Robert, J., Shaver, H., eds., Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). 129–160. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.74.19.0129
    Beydoun, Z. R., 1991. Arabian Plate Hydrocarbon Geology and Potential—A Plate Tectonic Approach. AAPG Studies in Geology. 33
    Bodzioch, A., 2003. Calcite Pseudomorphs after Evaporites from the Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Geologos, 7: 169–180
    Bown, T. M., Kraus, M. J., 1987. 1987. Integration of Channel and Floodplain Suites, I. Developmental Sequence and Lateral Relations of Alluvial Paleosols. SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research, 57(4): 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1306/212f8bb1-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d
    Bressan, G. S., Kietzmann, D. A., Palma, R. M., 2013. Facies Analysis of a Toarcian-Bajocian Shallow Marine/Coastal Succession (Bardas Blancas Formation) in Northern Neuquén Basin, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 43: 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2013.01.007
    Cathles, L. M., Hallam, A., 1991. Stress-Induced Changes in Plate Density, Vail Sequences, Epeirogeny, and Short-Lived Global Sea Level Fluctuations. Tectonics, 10(4): 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1029/90tc02710 doi: 10.1029/90TC02710
    Catuneanu, O., Wopfner, H., Eriksson, P. G., et al., 2005. The Karoo Basins of South-Central Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 43(1/2/3): 211–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007
    Cooper, G. A., 1989. Jurassic Brachiopods of Saudi Arabia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, (65): 1–213. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.65.1
    Cross, T. A., Lessengcr, M. A., 1995. Sediment Volume Partitioning: Rationale for Stratigraphic Model Evaluation and High-Resolution Stratigraphic Correlation. Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publication, 8: 171–195
    Dera, G., Donnadieu, Y., 2012. Modeling Evidences for Global Warming, Arctic Seawater Freshening, and Sluggish Oceanic Circulation during the Early Toarcian Anoxic Event. Paleoceanography, 27(2): PA2211. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012pa002283
    Dercourt, J., Ricou, L. E., Vrielynck, B., 1993. Atlas Tethys Paleoenvironmental Maps. Gauthier-Villars. 309
    Dunham, R. J., 1962. Classification of Carbonate Rocks according to Their Dispositional Texture. In: Ham, W. E., ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks―A Symposium. Tulsa, OK, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 1: 108–121
    Edress, N. A. A., Opluštil, S., Sýkorová, I., 2018. Depositional Environments of the Jurassic Maghara Main Coal Seam in North Central Sinai, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 140: 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.01.017
    Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC), 1986. Activity of Oil Exploration in Egypt (1886–1986). The 8th EGPC Exploration Seminar, Egypt. 175
    Ehrenberg, S. N., Nadeau, P. H., Aqrawi, A. A. M., 2007. A Comparison of Khuff and Arab Reservoir Potential Throughout the Middle East. AAPG Bulletin, 91(3): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1306/09140606054
    El-Sorogy, A. S., Al-Kahtany, K., Almadani, S., et al., 2018. Depositional Architecture and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic Hanifa Formation, Central Saudi Arabia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 139: 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.12.025
    El-Sorogy, A. S., Al-Kahtany K. M., El-Asmar, H. M., 2014. Marine Benthic Invertebrates of the Upper Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone, Khashm Al-Qaddiyah, Central Saudi Arabia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 97: 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.04.004
    El-Sorogy, A. S., Gameil, M., Youssef, K., et al., 2017. Stratigraphy and Macrofauna of the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) Marrat Formation, Central Saudi Arabia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 134: 476–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.07.001
    Embry, A. F., Johannessen, E. P., 1993. T-R Sequence Stratigraphy, Facies Analysis and Reservoir Distribution in the Uppermost Triassic-Lower Jurassic Succession, Western Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada. Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-88943-0.50013-7
    Embry, A. F., Klovan, J. E., 1971. A Late Devonian Reef Tract on Northeastern Banks Island, N.W.T. . Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 19(4): 730–781.
    Enay, R., Le Nindre, Y. M., Mangold, C., et al., 1987. Le Jurassique D'arabie Saoudite Centrale: Nouvellesdonnées Sur La Lithostratigraphie, Les Paléoenvironnements, Les Faunes d'Ammonites, Les Âges et Les Corrélations. Geobios, 20: 13–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(87)80071-2
    Enay, R., Mangold, C., 1994. Première Zonation Par Ammonitesdu Jurassique d'Arabie Séoudite, Une Référence Pour La Province Arabique. Geobios, 27: 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(94)80136-3
    Enay, R., Tintant, H., Cariou, E., 1967. Les Faunes Oxfordiennes d'Europe méridionale. Essai de Zonation. Colloque du Jurassique. 635–664
    Farouk, S., Al-Kahtany, K., El-Sorogy, A., et al., 2018. High-Frequency Cycles and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic Marrat Formation, Central Saudi Arabia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 98: 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.030
    Fischer, J. C., Le Nindre, Y. M., Manivit, J., et al., 2001. Jurassic Gastropod Faunas of Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, 6(1): 63–100. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia060163
    Flexer, A., Gardosh, M., Bruner, I. et al., 2000. The Tale of an Inverted Basin: Eastern Mediterranean―Offshore Israel. AAPG Bulletin, 84: 1426. https://doi.org/10.1306/a9674558-1738-11d7-8645000102c1865d
    Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 1007
    Fürsich, F. T., Wilmsen, M., Seyed-Emami, K., et al., 2005. The Upper Shemshak Formation (Toarcian–Aalenian) of the Eastern Alborz (Iran): Biota and Palaeoenvironments during a Transgressive-Regressive Cycle. Facies, 51(1): 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-005-0051-z
    Gayara, A. D., Al-Gibouri, A. S., 2015. Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of the Lower Jurassic Succession, Western Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(8): 5833–5843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1627-0
    Geiger, M., Schweigert, G., 2006. Toarcian–Kimmeridgian Depositional Cycles of the South-Western Morondava Basin along the Rifted Continental Margin of Madagascar. Facies, 52(1): 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-005-0039-8
    Goldberg, M., Friedman, G. M., 1974. Paleoenvironments and Paleogeographic Evolution of the Jurassic System in Southern Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin. 61: 1–44
    Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., 2005. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 587
    Hallam, A., 2001. A Review of the Broad Pattern of Jurassic Sea-Level Changes and Their Possible Causes in the Light of Current Knowledge. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167(1/2): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00229-7
    Hancock, P. L., Al Kadhi, A., Sha'at, N. A, 1984. Regional Joint Sets in the Arabian Platform as Indicators of Intraplate Processes. Tectonics, 3(1): 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1029/tc003i001p00027 doi: 10.1029/TC003i001p00027
    Haq, B. U., 2018. Jurassic Sea-Level Variations: A Reappraisal. GSA Today, 28(1): 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg359a.1
    Haq, B. U., Al-Qahtani, A. M., 2005. Phanerozoic Cycles of Sea-Level Change on the Arabian Platform. GeoArabia, 10(2): 127–160. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1002127
    Hashmie, A., Rostamnejad, A., Nikbakht, F., et al., 2016. Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Bahram Formation(Middleelate Devonian) in North of Kerman, South-Central Iran. Geoscience Frontiers, 7(5): 821–834 doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.002
    Hesselbo, S. P., Huggett, J. M., 2001. Glaucony in Ocean-Margin Sequence Stratigraphy (Oligocene–Pliocene, Offshore New Jersey, USA; ODP Leg 174A). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71(4): 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1306/112800710599
    Hughes, G. W., 2006. Biostratigraphy, Biofacies, Palaeoenvironments, Lithostratigraphy and Reservoir Implications for the Shaqra Group (Jurassic) of Saudi Arabia. In 7th Middle East Geosciences Conference and Exhibition
    Hughes, G. W., Al-Khaled, M., Varol, O., 2008. Oxfordian Biofacies and Palaeoenvironments of Saudi Arabia. Volumina Jurassica, 6(6): 59–47
    Imlay, R. W., Jones, D. L., 1970. Ammonites from the Buchia Zones in Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. . https://doi.org/10.3133/pp647B
    Jassim, S. Z., Buday, T., 2006. Late Toarcian–Early Tithonian (Mid–Late Jurassic) Megasequence AP7, Chapter 10. In: Jassim, S. Z., Goff J. C., eds., Geology of Iraq: 1st Edition. Czech Republic, Prague and Moravian Museum, Brno. 117–123
    Jourdan, F., Féraud, G., Bertrand, H., et al., 2005. Karoo Large Igneous Province: Brevity, Origin, and Relation to Mass Extinction Questioned by New 40Ar/39Ar Age Data. Geology, 33(9): 745–748. https://doi.org/10.1130/g21632.1 doi: 10.1130/G21632.1
    Kadar, A. P., De Keyser, T., Neog, N., et al., 2015. Calcareous Nannofossil Zonation and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Jurassic System, Onshore Kuwait. GeoArabia, 20(4): 125–180. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia2004125
    Knaust, D., Curran, H. A., Dronov, A. V., 2012. Shallow-Marine Carbonates. In: Knaust, D., Bromley, R. G., eds., Developments in Sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 705–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53813-0.00023-x
    Le Nindre, Y. M., Vaslet, D., Le Métour, J., et al., 2003. et al., 2003. Subsidence Modelling of the Arabian Platform from Permian to Paleogene Outcrops. Sedimentary Geology, 156(1/2/3/4): 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00291-9
    Léonide, P., Floquet, M., Durlet, C., et al., 2012. Drowning of a Carbonate Platform as a Precursor Stage of the Early Toarcian Global Anoxic Event (Southern Provence Sub-Basin, South-East France). Sedimentology, 59(1): 156–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01221.x
    Li, X. C., Grant-Mackie, J., 1993. Jurassic Sedimentary Cycles and Eustatic Sea-Level Changes in Southern Tibet. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 101(1/2): 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90150-H
    Maria-Louise Haase, M., Aigner, T., 2013. High-Resolution Anatomy of a Grainstone Package in Khuff Sequence KS4, Oman Mountains, Sultanate of Oman. GeoArabia, 18(4): 17–44. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia180417
    Moshrif, M. A., 1987. Sedimentary History and Paleogeography of Lower and Middle Jurassic Rocks, Central Saudi Arabia. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 10(3): 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1987.tb00951.x
    Mouty, M., 2000. The Jurassic in Syria: An Overview. Lithostratigraphic and Biostratigraphic Correlations with Adjacent Areas. In: Crasquin-Soleau, S., Barrier, E., eds., New Data on Peri-Tethyan Sedimentary Basins. Peri-Tethys Memoir #5, Museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris. 159–168
    Müller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., et al., 2008. Age, Spreading Rates, and Spreading Asymmetry of the World's Ocean Crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(4): Q04006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001743
    Nichols, G., 2009. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. 432
    Pálfy, J., Kocsis, Á. T., 2014. Volcanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province as the Trigger of Environmental and Biotic Changes around the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(12)
    Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., Siever, R., 1987. Sand and Sandstone. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin. 553
    Powers, R. W., Ramirez, L. F., Redmond, C. D., et al., 1966. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia: USG Survey Professional Paper. 560–566
    Reineck, H. E., Singh, I. B., 2012. Depositional Sedimentary Environments, with Reference to Terrigenous Clastics: 2nd Edition (Textbook). Springer Science and Business Media, New York. 550
    Scotese, C. R., Schettino, A., 2017. Late Permian–Early Jurassic Paleogeography of Western Tethys and the World. Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 57–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00004-5
    Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., et al., 2012. Global Continental and Ocean Basin Reconstructions since 200 Ma. Earth-Science Reviews, 113(3/4): 212–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002
    Sharland, P. R., Archer, R., Casey, D. M., et al., 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. Geoarabia Manama, 2: 1–371
    Sissakian, V. K., 2013. Geological Evolution of the Iraqi Mesopotamia Foredeep, Inner Platform and near Surroundings of the Arabian Plate. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 72: 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.09.032
    Song, H. J., Wignall, P. B., Song, H. Y., et al., 2019. Seawater Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen over the Past 500 Million Years. Journal of Earth Science, 30(2): 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-018-1002-2
    Sorkhabi, R., 2010. Middle East: Why So Much Oil in the Middle East?. Geoexpro Magazine, 7(1): 21–26
    Stampfli, G. M., Borel, G. D., 2002. A Plate Tectonic Model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Constrained by Dynamic Plate Boundaries and Restored Synthetic Oceanic Isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 196(1/2): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X
    Steineke, M., Bramkamp, R. A., Sander, N., 1958. Stratigraphic Relations of Arabian Jurassic Oil: Middle East. In: Weeks, L. G., ed., Habitat of Oil. AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1294–1329
    Tang, D., Lawrence, P., Bakhiet, A., et al., 2011. Sequence Stratigraphic Framework, Paleogeography, and Exploration Potential of the Early Jurassic Marrat Formation, Saudi Arabia. AAPG Annual Conference and Exhibition, Making the Next Giant Leap in Geosciences. Houston, Texas
    Tawfik, M., El-Sorogy, A., Moussa, M., 2016. Metre-Scale Cyclicity in Middle Eocene Platform Carbonates in Northern Egypt: Implications for Facies Development and Sequence Stratigraphy. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 119: 238–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.04.006
    Udgata, D., 2007. Glauconite as an Indicator of Sequence Stratigraphic Packages in a Lower Paleocene Passive-Margin Shelf Succession, Central Alabama: [Dissertation]. Auburn University, Alabama. 67–89
    Vörös, A., 1977. Provinciality of the Mediterranean Lower Jurassic Brachiopod Fauna: Causes and Plate-Tectonic Implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 21(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(77)90002-5
    Walker, R. G., 1967. Turbidite Sedimentary Structures and Their Relationship to Proximal and Distal Depositional Environments. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 37(1): 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1306/74d71645-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d doi: 10.1306/74D71645-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
    Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F. T., Seyed-Emami, K., et al., 2010. Facies Analysis of a Large-Scale Jurassic Shelf-Lagoon: The Kamar-E-Mehdi Formation of East-Central Iran. Facies, 56(1): 59–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-009-0190-8
    Wilson, M., Guiraud, R., Moreau, C., et al., 1998. Late Permian to Recent Magmatic Activity on the African-Arabian Margin of Tethys. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 132(1): 231–263. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.132.01.14 doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.132.01.14
    Wolpert, P., Bartenbach, M., Suess, P., et al., 2015. Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Uppermost Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy Formation in Outcrops of Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, 20(4): 67–122. https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia200467
    Woodfine, R. G., Jenkyns, H. C., Sarti, M., et al., 2008. The Response of Two Tethyan Carbonate Platforms to the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event: Environmental Change and Differential Subsidence. Sedimentology, 55(4): 1011–1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00934.x
    Zaghloul, Z., Khidr, I., 1992. Subsurface Geological Setting of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Formations and Hydrocarbon Potentials, North Sinai. The 11th EGPC Exploration Seminar, Egypt. 563–577
    Zhang, X. L., Wang, Y., Rong, J. Y., et al., 2014. Pigmentation of the Early Silurian Shallow Marine Red Beds in South China as Exemplified by the Rongxi Formation of Xiushan, Southeastern Chongqing, Central China. Palaeoworld, 23(3/4): 240–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2014.01.002
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(12)

    Article Metrics

    Article views(417) PDF downloads(186) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return