| Citation: | Lei Gong, Xianzhi Gao, Futao Qu, Yongshu Zhang, Guangya Zhang, Jun Zhu. Reservoir Quality and Controlling Mechanism of the Upper Paleogene Fine-Grained Sandstones in Lacustrine Basin in the Hinterlands of Northern Qaidam Basin, NW China. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(3): 806-823. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1701-6
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The Upper Paleogene lacustrine fine-grained sandstones in the hinterlands of the northern Qaidam Basin mainly contain two sweet spot intervals. Fracture/fault, microfacies, petrology, pore features, diagenesis, etc., were innovatively combined to confirm the controlling factors on the reservoir quality of shallow delta-lacustrine fine-grained sandstones. The diagenesis of the original lake/surface/meteoric freshwater and acidic fluids related to the faults and unconformity occurred in an open geochemical system. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Upper Paleogene fine-grained sandstones were primarily formed in the early diagenetic B substage to the middle diagenetic A substage. Reservoir quality was controlled by fault systems, microfacies, burial-thermal history, diagenesis, hydrocarbon charging events (HCE), and abnormally high pressure. Shallow and deep double fault systems are the pathways for fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration. Sandstones developed in the high energy settings such as overwater (ODC) and underwater distributary channels (UDC) provide the material foundation for reservoirs. Moderate burial depth (3 000–4 000 m), moderate geothermal field (2.7–3.2 ℃/100 m), and late HCE (later than E3) represent the important factors to protect and improve pore volume. Meteoric freshwater with high concentrations of CO2 and organic acids from thermal decarboxylation are the main fluids leading to the dissolution and reformation of feldspar, rock fragments, calcite and anhydrite cements. Abnormally high pressure caused by the undercompaction in a large set of argillaceous rocks is the key to form high-quality reservoirs. Abnormal pressure zones reduced and inhibited the damage of compaction and quartz overgrowth to reservoir pores, allowing them to be better preserved. A reservoir quality evaluation model with bidirectional migration pathways, rich in clay minerals, poor in cements, superimposed dissolution and abnormally high pressure was proposed for the ODC/UDC fine-grained sandstones. This model will facilitate the future development of fine-grained sandstone reservoirs both in the Upper Paleogene of the Qaidam Basin and elsewhere.
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