Advanced Search

Indexed by SCI、CA、РЖ、PA、CSA、ZR、etc .

Volume 34 Issue 5
Oct 2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Hisham A. Gahlan, Mokhles K. Azer, Paul D. Asimow, Mansour H. Al-Hashim. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Alteration of Rare-Metal-Bearing Granitoids and Mineralized Silexite of the Al-Ghurayyah Stock, Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(5): 1488-1510. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1708-z
Citation: Hisham A. Gahlan, Mokhles K. Azer, Paul D. Asimow, Mansour H. Al-Hashim. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Alteration of Rare-Metal-Bearing Granitoids and Mineralized Silexite of the Al-Ghurayyah Stock, Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Earth Science, 2023, 34(5): 1488-1510. doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1708-z

Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Alteration of Rare-Metal-Bearing Granitoids and Mineralized Silexite of the Al-Ghurayyah Stock, Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

doi: 10.1007/s12583-022-1708-z
More Information
  • Corresponding author: Hisham A. Gahlan, hjhlan@ksu.edu.sa
  • Received Date: 07 Mar 2022
  • Accepted Date: 06 Jul 2022
  • Available Online: 14 Oct 2023
  • Issue Publish Date: 30 Oct 2023
  • New data are presented for the rare-metal bearing A-type granitoids of the Al-Ghurayyah stock in the northwestern segment of the Arabian Shield, a composite pluton intruding metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary successions of the Silasia Formation. Metals in the granitoids are variably enriched, with up to 1 990 μg/g Zn, 7 680 μg/g Zr, 2 316 μg/g Nb, 232 μg/g Ta, 485 μg/g Hf, 670 μg/g Th, 137 μg/g U and 1 647 μg/g total rare earth elements (REE). The silexite is highly mineralized and yields higher maximum concentrations of several metals than the granitoids, including up to 1 860 μg/g Y, 9 400 μg/g Zr, 878 μg/g Hf, 1 000 μg/g Th, and 2 029 μg/g total REE. The Al-Ghurayyah stock has been assigned to an intraplate setting. Lithospheric delamination led to generation of mantle melts that supplied heat to melt the juvenile crust of the ANS. The fluorine and rare-metal enriched parental magma evolved by fractional crystallization. The quartz-rich silexite, distinct in character from ordinary hydrothermal vein quartz, is inferred to be co-genetic with the granitoids on the basis of their similar REE patterns; it is interpreted as a small volume of residual magma enriched in SiO2, volatiles, and trace metals. Mineralization took place both at the magmatic stage and later during a hydrothermal stage that concentrated these elements to economic grades.

     

  • Electronic Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials (Tables S1–S17) are available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1708-z.
    Conflict of Interest
    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
  • loading
  • Abdallah, S. E., Azer, M. K., Al Shammari, A. S., 2020. The Petrological and Geochemical Evolution of Ediacaran Rare-Metal Bearing A-Type Granites from the Jabal Aja Complex, Northern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 94(3): 743–762 (in Chinese with English Abstract) doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.13825
    Abdel-Karim, A. A. M., El-Shafei, S. A., Azer, M. K., 2021. The Neoproterozoic Ophiolitic Ultramafic Rocks in Eastern Desert of Egypt: Implications for Petrogenesis and Metasomatic Processes. International Geology Review, 63(2): 208–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1708816
    Abuamarah, B. A., 2020. Genesis and Petrology of Postcollisional Rare-Metal-Bearing Granites in the Arabian Shield: A Case Study of Aja Ring Complex, Northern Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Geology, 128(2): 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1086/707236
    Abuamarah, B. A., Azer, M. K., Asimow, P. D., et al., 2021. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Late Ediacaran Rare-Metal Albite Granites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition, 95(2): 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14379
    Abuamarah, B. A., Azer, M. K., Asimow, P. D., et al., 2021. Petrogenesis of the Post-Collisional Rare-Metal-Bearing Ad-Dayheen Granite Intrusion, Central Arabian Shield. Lithos, 384/385: 105956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105956
    Abuamarah, B. A., Azer, M. K., Seddik, A. M. A., et al., 2022. Magmatic and Post-Magmatic Evolution of Post-Collisional Rare-Metal Bearing Granite: The Neoproterozoic Homrit Akarem Granitic Intrusion, South Eastern Desert of Egypt, Arabian-Nubian Shield. Geochemistry, 82(1): 125840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2021.125840
    Aleinikoff, J. N., Stoeser, D. B., 1988. Zircon Morphology and U-Pb Geochronology of Seven Metaluminous and Peralkaline Post-Orogenic Granite Complexes of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (No. 88-604). US Geological Survey
    Ali, K. A., Azer, M. K., Gahlan, H. A., et al., 2010. Age Constraints on the Formation and Emplacement of Neoproterozoic Ophiolites along the Allaqi-Heiani Suture, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. Gondwana Research, 18(4): 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.03.002
    Ali, K. A., Jeon, H., Andresen, A., et al., 2014. U-Pb Zircon Geochronology and Nd–Hf–O Isotopic Systematics of the Neoproterozoic Hadb Adh Dayheen Ring Complex, Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Lithos, 206/207: 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.07.030
    Al-Saleh, A. M., Al-Omari, F. H., 2021. The Qutn Granite, a Hotspot-Related A-Type Granite from the Northeastern Arabian Shield? Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(9): 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06706-2
    Aseri, A. A., 2020. Rare-Metal Alkaline Granite from the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia: [Dissertation]. University of Western Ontario, Ontario
    Azer, M. K., Stern, R. J., Kimura, J. I., 2010. Origin of a Late Neoproterozoic (605 ± 13 Ma) Intrusive Carbonate–Albitite Complex in Southern Sinai, Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(2): 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0385-1
    Azer, M. K., Asimow, P. D., Wilde, S. A., 2021. Volcanism during the Post-Accretionary Stage of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0_20
    Batchelor, R. A., Bowden, P., 1985. Petrogenetic Interpretation of Granitoid Rock Series Using Multicationic Parameters. Chemical Geology, 48(1/2/3/4): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90034-8
    Beus, A. A., 1982. Metallogeny of Precambrian Rare-Metal Granitoids. Revista Brasileira de Geociencias, 12: 410–413
    Bonin, B., 2007. A-Type Granites and Related Rocks: Evolution of a Concept, Problems and Prospects. Lithos, 97(1/2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.007
    Černý, P., Goad, B. E., Hawthorne, F., et al., 1986. Fractionation Trends of the Nb- and Ta-Bearing Oxide Minerals in the Greer Lake Pegmatitic Granite and Its Pegmatite Aureole, Southeastern Manitoba. American Mineralogist, 71(3/4): 501–517
    Chevychelov, V. Y., Zaraisky, G. P., Borisovskii, S. E., et al., 2005. Effect of Melt Composition and Temperature on the Partitioning of Ta, Nb, Mn, and F between Granitic (Alkaline) Melt and Fluorine-Bearing Aqueous Fluid: Fractionation of Ta and Nb and Conditions of ore Formation in Rare-Metal Granites. Petrology, 13(4): 305
    Clark, M. D., 1987. Explanatory Notes to the Geologic Map of the Al Bada Quadrangle, Sheet 28A, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 46
    de la Roche, H., Leterrier, J., Grandclaude, P., et al., 1980. A Classification of Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks Using R1R2-Diagram and Major-Element Analyses—Its Relationships with Current Nomenclature. Chemical Geology, 29(1/2/3/4): 183–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(80)90020-0
    Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., Zussman, J., 1992. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals. Second Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, London, 696
    Drysdall, A. R., Douch, C. J., 1986. NBTHZR Mineralization in Microgranite—Microsyenite at Jabal Tawlah, Midyan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 4: 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80089-6
    Drysdall, A. R., Jackson, N. J., Ramsay, C. R., 1985. Rare-Element Mineralization Related to Alkali Granites of the Hijaz Region, with Representative Geochemical Data. Open file Report, DGMR-OF-05-12, Jiddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 40
    Drysdall, A. R., Jackson, N. J., Ramsay, C. R., et al., 1984. Rare Element Mineralization Related to Precambrian Alkali Granites in the Arabian Shield. Economic Geology, 79(6): 1366–1377. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.6.1366
    du Bray, E. A., 1986. Specialized Granitoids in the Southeastern Arabian Shield—Case History of a Regional Assessment. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 4: 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80077-x
    Eby, G. N., 1990. The A-Type Granitoids: A Review of Their Occurrence and Chemical Characteristics and Speculations on Their Petrogenesis. Lithos, 26(1/2): 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90043-z
    Eby, G. N., 1992. Chemical Subdivision of the A-Type Granitoids: Petrogenetic and Tectonic Implications. Geology, 20(7): 641–644. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)0200641:csotat>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)0200641:csotat>2.3.co;2
    Elliott, J. E., Al-Yazidi, S., Al-Eissa, H., et al., 1999. Exploration of the Ghurayyah Radioactive Granite, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Geological Survey Technical Report (OpenFile Report 2001-7)
    Evensen, N. M., Hamilton, P. J., O'Nions, R. K., 1978. Rare-Earth Abundances in Chondritic Meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42(8): 1199–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90114-x
    Eyal, M., Litvinovsky, B., Jahn, B. M., et al., 2010. Origin and Evolution of Post-Collisional Magmatism: Coeval Neoproterozoic Calc-Alkaline and Alkaline Suites of the Sinai Peninsula. Chemical Geology, 269(3/4): 153–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.010
    Farahat, E. S., Azer, M. K., 2011. Post-Collisional Magmatism in the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: The Geotectonic Evolution of the Alkaline Suite at Gebel Tarbush Area, South Sinai, Egypt. Geochemistry, 71(3): 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2011.06.003
    Fiege, A., Simon, A., Linsler, S. A., et al., 2018. Experimental Constraints on the Effect of Phosphorous and Boron on Nb and Ta Ore Formation. Ore Geology Reviews, 94: 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeore v.2018.02.007 doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.02.007
    Frost, B. R., Barnes, C. G., Collins, W. J., et al., 2001. A Geochemical Classification for Granitic Rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42(11): 2033–2048. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033
    Gahlan, H. A., Asimow, P. D., Azer, M. K., et al., 2021. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Jebel Aja Igneous Intrusion and the Associated Exotic Pegmatites, Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Lithos, 400/401: 106395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106395
    Gahlan, H. A., Azer, M. K., Al-Hashim, M. H., et al., 2022. Highly Evolved Rare-Metal Bearing Granite Overprinted by Alkali Metasomatism in the Arabian Shield: A Case Study from the Jabal Tawlah Granites. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 192: 104556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104556
    Hanson, G. N., 1978. The Application of Trace Elements to the Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks of Granitic Composition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 38(1): 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(78)90124-3
    Harris, N. B. W., Pearce, J. A., Tindle, A. G., 1986. Geochemical Characteristics of Collision-Zone Magmatism. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 19(1): 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.019.01.04
    Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G. E., et al., 2012. Nomenclature of the Amphibole Supergroup. American Mineralogist, 97(11/12): 2031–2048. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2012.4276
    Hedge, C. E., 1984. Precambrian Geochronology of Part of Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources: Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. USGS-OF-84-381
    Holtz, F., Behrens, H., Dingwell, D. B., et al., 1992. Water Solubility in Aluminosilicate Melts of Haplogranite Composition at 2 Kbar. Chemical Geology, 96(3/4): 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90060-i
    Jackson, N. J., 1986. Mineralization Associated with Felsic Plutonic Rocks in the Arabian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 4: 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80083-5
    Jackson, N. J., Douch, C. J., 1986. Jabal Hamra REE-Mineralized Silexite, Hijaz Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 4: 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80088-4
    Johnson, P. R., 2006. Explanatory Notes to the Map of Proterozoic Geology of Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Geological Survey Technical Report SGS-TR-2006-4, 62
    Johnson, P. R., Andresen, A., Collins, A. S., et al., 2011. Late Cryogenian–Ediacaran History of the Arabian–Nubian Shield: A Review of Depositional, Plutonic, Structural, and Tectonic Events in the Closing Stages of the Northern East African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 61(3): 167–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.07.003
    Laurent, O., Martin, H., Moyen, J. F., et al., 2014. The Diversity and Evolution of Late-Archean Granitoids: Evidence for the Onset of "Modern-Style" Plate Tectonics between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga. Lithos, 205: 208–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.06.012
    Liégeois, J. P., Black, R., 1987. Alkaline Magmatism Subsequent to Collision in the Pan-African Belt of the Adrar des Iforas (Mali). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30(1): 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.030.01.18
    Liégeois, J. P., Navez, J., Hertogen, J., et al., 1998. Contrasting Origin of Post-Collisional High-K Calc-Alkaline and Shoshonitic Versus Alkaline and Peralkaline Granitoids. The Use of Sliding Normalization. Lithos, 45(1/2/3/4): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(98)00023-1
    Linnen, R. L., Keppler, H., 1997. Columbite Solubility in Granitic Melts: Consequences for the Enrichment and Fractionation of Nb and Ta in the Earth's Crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 128(2): 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050304
    London, D., 1992. The Application of Experimental Petrology to the Genesis and Crystallization of Granitic Pegmatites. Canadian Mineralogist, 30(3): 499–540 (in Chinese with English Abstract)
    Maniar, P. D., Piccoli, P. M., 1989. Tectonic Discrimination of Granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101(5): 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)1010635:tdog>2.3.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)1010635:tdog>2.3.co;2
    Manning, D. A. C., 1981. The Effect of Fluorine on Liquidus Phase Relationships in the System Qz-Ab-or with Excess Water at 1 Kb. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(2): 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00371960
    McKay, G. A., 2018. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 21: 45–78
    McNeil, A. G., Linnen, R. L., Flemming, R. L., 2020. Solubility of Wodginite, Titanowodginite, Microlite, Pyrochlore, Columbite-(Mn) and Tantalite-(Mn) in Flux-Rich Haplogranitic Melts between 700° and 850 ℃ and 200MPa. Lithos, 352/353: 105239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105239
    Miller, C., Stoddard, E. F., Bradfish, L. J., et al., 1981. Composition of Plutonic Muscovite; Genetic Implications. Canadian Mineralogist, 19(1): 25–34
    Moghazi, A. K M., Iaccheri, L. M., Bakhsh, R. A., et al., 2015. Sources of Rare-Metal-Bearing A-Type Granites from Jabel Sayed Complex, Northern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 107: 244–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.04.042
    Moghazi, A. M., Harbi, H. M., Ali, K. A., 2011. Geochemistry of the Late Neoproterozoic Hadb Adh Dayheen Ring Complex, Central Arabian Shield: Implications for the Origin of Rare-Metal-Bearing Post-Orogenic A-Type Granites. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 42(6): 1324–1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.07.018
    Moussa, H. E., Asimow, P. D., Azer, M. K., et al., 2021. Magmatic and Hydrothermal Evolution of Highly-Fractionated Rare-Metal Granites at Gabal Nuweibi, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Lithos, 400/401: 106405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106405
    Muller, A., Seltmann, R., 1999. The Genetic Significance of Snowball Quartz in High Fractionated tin Granites of the Krušne Hory/Erzgebirge. Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing, 1: 409–412
    Pfänder, J. A., Münker, C., Stracke, A., et al., 2007. Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf in Ocean Island Basalts—Implications for Crust-Mantle Differentiation and the Fate of Niobium. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 254(1/2): 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.027
    Pollard, P. J., 1989. Geologic Characteristics and Genetic Problems Associated with the Development of Granite-Hosted Deposits of Tantalum and Niobium. Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87262-4_9
    Putnis, A., 2009. Mineral Replacement Reactions. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 70(1): 87–124. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.3
    Ramsay, C. R., 1982. Geology and Mineral Resource Potential of Pan-African Granitoid Rocks, Northern Midyan Region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Open-File Report DGMR-OF-02-11
    Ramsay, C. R., 1986. Specialized Felsic Plutonic Rocks of the Arabian Shield and Their Precursors. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 4: 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80076-8
    Ramsay, C. R., Odell, J., Drysdall, A. R., 1986. Felsic Plutonic Rocks of the Midyan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Ⅱ. Pilot Study in Chemical Classification of Arabian Granitoids. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 4: 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(86)80069-0
    Roda, E., Keller, P., Pesquera, A., et al., 2007. Micas of the Muscovite–Lepidolite Series from Karibib Pegmatites, Namibia. Mineralogical Magazine, 71(1): 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.1.41
    Sami, M., Ntaflos, T., Farahat, E. S., et al., 2017. Mineralogical, Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopes Characteristics of Fluorite-Bearing Granites in the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield, Egypt: Constraints on Petrogenesis and Evolution of Their Associated Rare Metal Mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 88: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.015
    Schwartz, M. O., 1992. Geochemical Criteria for Distinguishing Magmatic and Metasomatic Albite-Enrichment in Granitoids—Examples from the Ta-Li Granite Yichun (China) and the Sn-W Deposit Tikus (Indonesia). Mineralium Deposita, 27(2): 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00197092.
    Seddik, A. M. A., Darwish, M. H., Azer, M. K., et al., 2020. Assessment of Magmatic Versus Post-Magmatic Processes in the Mueilha Rare-Metal Granite, Eastern Desert of Egypt, Arabian-Nubian Shield. Lithos, 366/367: 105542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105542
    Stepanov, A. S., Hermann, J., 2013. Fractionation of Nb and Ta by Biotite and Phengite: Implications for the "Missing Nb Paradox". Geology, 41(3): 303–306 doi: 10.1130/G33781.1
    Stern, R. J., 1994. Arc Assembly and Continental Collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: Implications for the Consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22: 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535
    Stern, R. J., Ali, K. A., Liegeois, J. P., et al., 2010. Distribution and Significance of Pre-Neoproterozoic Zircons in Juvenile Neoproterozoic Igneous Rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. American Journal of Science, 310(9): 791–811. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2010.02
    Stern, R. J., Johnson, P., 2010. Continental Lithosphere of the Arabian Plate: A Geologic, Petrologic, and Geophysical Synthesis. Earth-Science Reviews, 101(1/2): 29–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscire v.2010.01.002 doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.01.002
    Sun, S. S., McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42(1): 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19
    Sylvester, P. J., 1989. Post-Collisional Alkaline Granites. The Journal of Geology, 97(3): 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1086/629302
    Tang, Y., Zhang, H., Rao, B., 2016. The Effect of Phosphorus on Manganocolumbite and Mangaotantalite Solubility in Peralkaline to Peraluminous Granitic Melts. American Mineralogist, 101(2): 415–422. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5424
    Turner, S. P., Foden, J. D., Morrison, R. S., 1992. Derivation of some A-Type Magmas by Fractionation of Basaltic Magma: An Example from the Padthaway Ridge, South Australia. Lithos, 28(2): 151–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(92)90029-x
    van Lichtervelde, M., Holtz, F., Melcher, F., 2018. The Effect of Disequilibrium Crystallization on Nb-Ta Fractionation in Pegmatites: Constraints from Crystallization Experiments of Tantalite-Tapiolite. American Mineralogist, 103(9): 1401–1416. https://doi.org/10.2138/a m-2018-6441 doi: 10.2138/am-2018-6441
    Van Lichtervelde, M., Salvi, S., Beziat, D., et al., 2007. Textural Features and Chemical Evolution in Tantalum Oxides: Magmatic Versus Hydrothermal Origins for Ta Mineralization in the Tanco Lower Pegmatite, Manitoba, Canada. Economic Geology, 102(2): 257–276. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.2.257
    Vance, J. A., 1969. On Synneusis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 24(1): 7–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00398750
    Vonopartis, L. C., Kinnaird, J. A., Nex, P. A. M., et al., 2021. African A-Type Granites: A Geochemical Review on Metallogenic Potential. Lithos, 396/397: 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106229
    Wedepohl, K. H., 1995. The Composition of the Continental Crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7): 1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2
    Whalen, J. B., Currie, K. L., Chappell, B. W., 1987. A-Type Granites: Geochemical Characteristics, Discrimination and Petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95(4): 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00402202
    Winkler, H. G. F., Boese, M., Marcopoulos, T., 1975. Low Temperature Granite Melts. Neues Jahrbuchfür Mineralogie. Monatshefte, 6: 245–268
    Winter, J. D., 2014. Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Vol. 2). Pearson Education, Harlow
    Winter, J. D., 2001. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall Inc. Upper Saddle River, 697
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(17)

    Article Metrics

    Article views(185) PDF downloads(75) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return