| Citation: | Minghao Miao, Huiming Tang, Sha Lu, Changdong Li, Kun Fang, Yixiao Gu, Chunyan Tang. Development of a Model Material Suitable for Reservoir Landslide Model Tests. Journal of Earth Science, 2025, 36(5): 1989-2004. doi: 10.1007/s12583-023-1818-2
|
In the physical model test of landslides, the selection of analogous materials is the key, and it is difficult to consider the similarity of mechanical properties and seepage performance at the same time. To develop a model material suitable for analysing the deformation and failure of reservoir landslides, based on the existing research foundation of analogous materials, 5 materials and 5 physical-mechanical parameters were selected to design an orthogonal test. The factor sensitivity of each component ratio and its influence on the physical-mechanical indices were studied by range analysis and stepwise regression analysis, and the proportioning method was determined. Finally, the model material was developed, and a model test was carried out considering Huangtupo as the prototype application. The results showed that (1) the model material composed of sand, barite powder, glass beads, clay, and bentonite had a wide distribution of physical-mechanical parameters, which could be applied to model tests under different conditions; (2) the physical-mechanical parameters of analogous materials matched the application prototype; and (3) the mechanical properties and seepage performance of the model material sample met the requirements of reservoir landslide model tests, which could be used to simulate landslide evolution and analyse the deformation process.
| An, P. J., Tang, H. M., Li, C. D., et al., 2022. A Fast and Practical Method for Determining Particle Size and Shape by Using Smartphone Photogrammetry. Measurement, 193: 110943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.110943 |
| Cabalar, A. F., 2011. Direct Shear Tests on Waste Tires-Sand Mixtures. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 29(4): 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-010-9386-5 |
| Chen, H. R., Qin, S. Q., Xue, L., et al., 2018. A Physical Model Predicting Instability of Rock Slopes with Locked Segments along a Potential Slip Surface. Engineering Geology, 242: 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.05.012 |
| Fan, L., Zhang, G. C., Li, B., et al., 2017. Deformation and Failure of the Xiaochatou Landslide under Rapid Drawdown of the Reservoir Water Level Based on Centrifuge Tests. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 76(3): 891–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0895-1 |
| Fang, K. T., Ma, C. X., Li, J. K., 1999. The Latest Development and Application of Orthogonal Design(Ⅱ)-Uniform Orthogonal Design. Journal of Applied Statistics and Management, 3: 44–51 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Fang, K., An, P. J., Tang, H. M., et al., 2021. Application of a Multi-Smartphone Measurement System in Slope Model Tests. Engineering Geology, 295: 106424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106424 |
| Fang, K., Miao, M. H., Tang, H. M., et al., 2022. Model Test on Deformation and Failure Behaviour of Arching-Type Slope under Excavation Condition. Engineering Geology, 302: 106628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106628 |
| Fang, K., Miao, M. H., Tang, H. M., et al., 2023a. Insights into the Deformation and Failure Characteristic of a Slope due to Excavation through Multi-Field Monitoring: A Model Test. Acta Geotechnica, 18(2): 1001–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01627-0 |
| Fang, K., Tang, H. M., Li, C. D., et al., 2023b. Centrifuge Modelling of Landslides and Landslide Hazard Mitigation: A Review. Geoscience Frontiers, 14(1): 101493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101493 |
| Fujita, H., 1977. Influence of Water Level Fluctuations in a Reservoir on Slope Stability. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology-Bulletin de l'Association Internationale de Géologie de l'Ingénieur, 16(1): 170–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02 591474 doi: 10.1007/bf02591474 |
| Gao, D. X., Li, K., Cai, Y. C., et al., 2024. Landslide Displacement Prediction Based on Time Series and PSO-BP Model in Three Georges Reservoir, China. Journal of Earth Science, 35(3): 1079–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1575-z |
| Guo, L., He, K. Q., Liu, H. H., et al., 2024. Physical Prediction Model of Compound Hydrodynamic Unload-Load Response Ratio and Its Application in Reservoir Colluvium Landslide. Journal of Earth Science, 35(4): 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1662-9 |
| He, C. C., Hu, X. L., Tannant, D. D., et al., 2018. Response of a Landslide to Reservoir Impoundment in Model Tests. Engineering Geology, 247: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.10.021 |
| Hu, X. L., He, C. C., Zhou, C., et al., 2019. Model Test and Numerical Analysis on the Deformation and Stability of a Landslide Subjected to Reservoir Filling. Geofluids, 2019: 5924580. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5924580 |
| Huang, D., Gu, D. M., Song, Y. X., et al., 2018. Towards a Complete Understanding of the Triggering Mechanism of a Large Reactivated Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Engineering Geology, 238: 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.008 |
| Huang, Q. X., Wang, J. L., Xue, X., 2016. Interpreting the Influence of Rainfall and Reservoir Infilling on a Landslide. Landslides, 13(5): 1139–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0644-8 |
| Huang, X. H., Guo, F., Deng, M. L., et al., 2020. Understanding the Deformation Mechanism and Threshold Reservoir Level of the Floating Weight-Reducing Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Landslides, 17(12): 2879–2894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01435-1 |
| Iverson, R. M., 2015. Scaling and Design of Landslide and Debris-Flow Experiments. Geomorphology, 244: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.033 |
| Jiang, Z. H., Wang, H. L., Xie, W., 2021. Deformation Mechanism of Deposit Landslide Induced by Fluctuations of Reservoir Water Level Based on Physical Model Tests. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(11): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09673-9 |
| Juang, C. H., 2021. BFTS-Engineering Geologists Field Station to Study Reservoir Landslides. Engineering Geology, 284: 106038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106038 |
| Kamran, M., Hu, X. W., Hussain, M. A., et al., 2023. Dynamic Response and Deformation Behavior of Kadui-2 Landslide Influenced by Reservoir Impoundment and Rainfall, Baoxing, China. Journal of Earth Science, 34(3): 911–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1649-6 |
| Lane, P. A., Griffiths, D. V., 2000. Assessment of Stability of Slopes under Drawdown Conditions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(5): 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2000)126:5(443) |
| Liao, K., Wu, Y. P., Miao, F. S., 2024. System Reliability Analysis of Reservoir Landslides: Insights from Long-Term Reservoir Operation. Journal of Earth Science, 35(5): 1583–1593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1668-3 |
| Liao, K., Wu, Y. P., Miao, F. S., et al., 2021. Effect of Weakening of Sliding Zone Soils in Hydro-Fluctuation Belt on Long-Term Reliability of Reservoir Landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(5): 3801–3815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02167-9 |
| Liu, Y., Li, X. R., Zhan, W. W., et al., 2023. State Affine Transfer Learning Method for Hydrodynamic Pressure-Driven Landslide. Earth Science, 48(5): 1793–1806. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.439 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Lu, S., 2017. Study on Slip Zone Properties and Evolution Characteristics of Huangtupo Landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area: [Dissertation]. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Luo, S. L., Huang, D., Peng, J. B., et al., 2024. Insights into Reservoir-Triggered Landslides Development and Its Influence Factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Journal of Earth Science, 35(6): 1979–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-024-0024-1 |
| McClay, K. R., 1990. Extensional Fault Systems in Sedimentary Basins: A Review of Analogue Model Studies. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 7(3): 206–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(90)90001-w |
| Miao, F. S., Wu, Y. P., Li, L. W., et al., 2018. Centrifuge Model Test on the Retrogressive Landslide Subjected to Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation. Engineering Geology, 245: 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.08.016 |
| Moregenstern, N., 1963. Stability Charts for Earth Slopes during Rapid Drawdown. Géotechnique, 13(2): 121–131 |
| Ning, Y. B., Tang, H. M., Zhang, B. C., et al., 2020. Investigation of the Rock Similar Material Proportion Based on Orthogonal Design and Its Application in Base Friction Physical Model Tests. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 41(6): 2009–2020 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Nosrati, K., 2013. Assessing Soil Quality Indicator under Different Land Use and Soil Erosion Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(4): 2895–2907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2758-y |
| Schulz, W. H., Smith, J. B., Wang, G. H., et al., 2018. Clayey Landslide Initiation and Acceleration Strongly Modulated by Soil Swelling. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(4): 1888–1896. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076807 |
| Schuster, R. L., 1979. Reservoir-Induced Landslides. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology-Bulletin de l'Association Internationale de Géologie de l'Ingénieur, 20(1): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02591233 |
| Shi, X. M., Liu, B. G., Xiao, J., 2015. A Method for Determining the Ratio of Similar Materials with Cement and Plaster as Bonding Agents. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 36(5): 1357–1362 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Song, K., Lu, G. D., Zhang, G. D., et al., 2017. Influence of Uncertainty in the Initial Groundwater Table on Long-Term Stability of Reservoir Landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 76(3): 901–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0909-z |
| Su, Y., Huang, S. X., Lai, X. H., et al., 2024. Evaluation of Trans-Regional Landslide Susceptibility of Reservoir Bank Based on Transfer Component Analysis. Earth Science, 49(5): 1636-1653. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.453 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Stark, T. D., Jafari, N. H., Leopold, A. L., et al., 2014. Soil Compressibility in Transient Unsaturated Seepage Analyses. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(8): 858–868. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0255 |
| Take, W. A., Bolton, M. D., Wong, P. C. P., et al., 2004. Evaluation of Landslide Triggering Mechanisms in Model Fill Slopes. Landslides, 1(3): 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-004-0025-1 |
| Tang, H. M., Li, C. D., Hu, X. L., et al., 2015a. Deformation Response of the Huangtupo Landslide to Rainfall and the Changing Levels of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 74(3): 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0671-z |
| Tang, H. M., Li, C. D., Hu, X. L., et al., 2015b. Evolution Characteristics of the Huangtupo Landslide Based on in situ Tunneling and Monitoring. Landslides, 12(3): 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0500-2 |
| Tang, H. M., Wasowski, J., Juang, C. H., 2019. Geohazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China-Lessons Learned from Decades of Research. Engineering Geology, 261: 105267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105267 |
| Tian, J. L., Wang, L. Q., An, C. L., et al., 2022. Development of a Model Material for Dynamic Geotechnical Model Tests. Applied Sciences, 12(11): 5344. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115344 |
| Tomás, R., Li, Z., Lopez-Sanchez, J. M., et al., 2016. Using Wavelet Tools to Analyse Seasonal Variations from InSAR Time-Series Data: A Case Study of the Huangtupo Landslide. Landslides, 13(3): 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0589-y |
| Wang, G. H., Sassa, K., 2003. Pore-Pressure Generation and Movement of Rainfall-Induced Landslides: Effects of Grain Size and Fine-Particle Content. Engineering Geology, 69(1/2): 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(02)00268-5 |
| Wang, H. P., Li, S. C., Zhang, Q. Y., et al., 2006. Development of a New Geomechanical Similar Material. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 25(9): 1842–1847 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wang, J. E., 2012. Study on Structure and Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Sliding Zone Soil in Huangtupo Landslide: [Dissertation]. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wang, J. G., Su, A. J., Xiang, W., et al., 2016. New Data and Interpretations of the Shallow and Deep Deformation of Huangtupo No. 1 Riverside Sliding Mass during Seasonal Rainfall and Water Level Fluctuation. Landslides, 13(4): 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0712-8 |
| Wang, J. G., Xiang, W., Lu, N., 2014. Landsliding Triggered by Reservoir Operation: A General Conceptual Model with a Case Study at Three Gorges Reservoir. Acta Geotechnica, 9(5): 771–788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-014-0315-2 |
| Wang, J. J., Zhang, H. P., Zhang, L., et al., 2012. Experimental Study on Heterogeneous Slope Responses to Drawdown. Engineering Geology, 147/148: 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.07.020 |
| Wang, L., Tan, J. M, Li, G., 2020. A Review on Landslide Physical Model Test. Bulletin of Science and Technology, 36(8): 1–8 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wang, Q. Y., Tang, H. M., An, P. J., et al., 2024. Insight into the Permeability and Microstructure Evolution Mechanism of the Sliding Zone Soil: A Case Study from the Huangtupo Landslide, Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Journal of Earth Science, 35(3): 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-023-1828-0 |
| Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Xu, F. D., et al., 2024. Reservoir Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Considering Non-Landslide Sampling and Ensemble Machine Learning Methods. Earth Science, 49(5): 1619–1635. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.407 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Wu, Y. P., Miao, F. S., Li, L. W., et al., 2017. Time-Varying Reliability Analysis of Huangtupo Riverside No. 2 Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Water-Soil Coupling. Engineering Geology, 226: 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.06.016 |
| Xu, C., Hu, X. L., He, C. C., et al., 2018. Development and Application of Similar Material for Reservoir Landslide Model Test. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 39(11): 4287–4293 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Xu, Z. L., Luo, Y. B., Chen, J. X., et al., 2021. Mechanical Properties and Reasonable Proportioning of Similar Materials in Physical Model Test of Tunnel Lining Cracking. Construction and Building Materials, 300: 123960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123960 |
| Yang, X., Su, D. L., Zhou, B., et al., 2016. Experiment Study on Similarity Ratio of Similar Material for Model Test on Red-Bed Soft Rock. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 37(8): 2231–2237 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Yang, Y. H., Cheng, S. G., 2012. Research on Similar Material of Physical Model for Baijiabao Landslide. Advanced Materials Research, 594–597: 37–41. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.37 |
| Yang, Y. T., Dai, Z. W., Lu, Y. S., et al., 2024. Deformation Characteristics and Stability Changes Characteristics of Reservoir Landslides with Double-Sliding Zones. Earth Science, 49(4): 1498–1514. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.283 (in Chinese with English Abstract) |
| Ye, X. A., Zhu, H. H., Wang, J. A., et al., 2022. Subsurface Multi-Physical Monitoring of a Reservoir Landslide with the Fiber-Optic Nerve System. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(11): e2022GL098211. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl098211 |
| Zangerl, C., Eberhardt, E., Perzlmaier, S., 2010. Kinematic Behaviour and Velocity Characteristics of a Complex Deep-Seated Crystalline Rockslide System in Relation to Its Interaction with a Dam Reservoir. Engineering Geology, 112(1/2/3/4): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.01.001 |
| Zhang, Y. M., Hu, X. L., Tannant, D. D., et al., 2018. Field Monitoring and Deformation Characteristics of a Landslide with Piles in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Landslides, 15(3): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0945-9 |
| Zhang, Y., Xue, Z. Q., 2019. Deformation-Based Monitoring of Water Migration in Rocks Using Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing: A Laboratory Study. Water Resources Research, 55(11): 8368–8383. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024795 |
| Zhou, C., Ma, W. C., Sui, W. H., 2022. Transparent Soil Model Test of a Landslide with Umbrella-Shaped Anchors and Different Slope Angles in Response to Rapid Drawdown. Engineering Geology, 307: 106765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106765 |
| Zhu, H. H., Shi, B., Yan, J. F., et al., 2014. Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Performance Monitoring of a Slope Model Subjected to Seepage. Smart Materials and Structures, 23(9): 095027. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/095027 |
Figures(11) / Tables(10)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
