| Citation: | Liran Chen, Wangchun Xu, Lianxun Wang, Hongfei Zhang. Impact of Fluorine on Crystal-Melt Separation in High-Silica Magma: Insights from Muscovite in the Ramba Leucogranite of Tethyan Himalaya. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(4): 1572-1583. doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0003-6
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The process of crystal-melt separation in the high-silica magmatic mush is still a subject of debate. To explore the process, we conducted a detailed study of Late Miocene leucogranites (SiO2 > 70 wt.%) in the Ramba dome of the Tethyan Himalaya, focusing on the genesis and fluorine content of muscovite. The Ramba leucogranites consist of two-mica granite with minor garnet-bearing granite. Large and euhedral muscovites are found in both types of granite exhibiting different geochemical features. The muscovites from the two-mica granites exhibit lower F (mean value: ~0.41 wt.%–0.43 wt.%), FeO (mean value: ~1.75 wt.%–1.81 wt.%), but higher TiO2 (mean value: ~0.61 wt.%–0.73 wt.%) contents compared to those from the garnet-bearing granites (mean F value: ~0.72 wt.%; mean FeO value: 2.48 wt.%; mean TiO2 value ~0.23 wt.%). According to geochemical criteria, we categorized the muscovites from the two-mica granite as two groups: (1) crystallized from the early magma, and (2) formed from interstitial residual melt. In comparison, the muscovite from the garnet-bearing granite was likely crystallized from residual melt extracted from the same magmatic reservoir which underwent a higher degree of evolution. Accordingly, the two-mica granite represents the residual crystal mush consisting of early crystals crystallized from magma and trapped interstitial residual melt, while the garnet-bearing granite represents the aggregation of extracted residual melt. We examined the possibility of crystal-melt separation by estimating the variation of fluorine content and viscosity between the early magma and residual melt. Our results indicate a notable disparity in fluorine content between the residual melt (mean value: ~4 364 ppm) and the early magma (mean value: ~2 033 ppm). As a result, the estimated viscosity experiences a reduction from 106.52 Pa·s for the early magma to 105.87 Pa·s for the residual melt. The fluorine enrichment could have played a critical role in decreasing melt viscosity and initiating crystal-melt separation. Our result supports the crystal-melt separation process during the evolution of the Ramba leucogranitic magma. This study underscores the significance of investigating the genesis and fluorine content of muscovite in granite as a crucial constraint for understanding the process of crystal-melt separation in the high-silica magmatic mush.
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