| Citation: | Luzhen Wu, Ming Shangguan, Jintao Zhu, Qimin Deng, Shuyun Zhao, Wuke Wang. Prediction of Sea Ice Concentration Anomalies in the Barents-Kara Sea Based on Machine Learning. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1007-1020. doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0045-9
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Variations of sea ice in the Barents-Kara seas attracts global attention because of its both local and remote climate impacts. The accurate prediction of Barents-Kara Seas sea ice concentration anomalies (BKSICA) is critically important for science and economics. This study employs four machine learning (ML) models, including extreme learning machine (ELM), nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX), long short-term memory (LSTM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), combined with empirical orthogonal function (EOF) methods to predict seasonal BKSICA. The ML models are trained based on the 1979–2014 oceanic and meteorological data, and are then used to predict the BKSICA for 2015–2022. Results indicate that the ML models provide reliable prediction up to 6 months, achieving a PCC over 0.6. Such prediction skill outperforms the state-of-the-art dynamical model at 2–6 months' prediction, although it is slightly less accurate at 1 month lead time. Among them, the ELM exhibits the optimal performance, attaining a regional average Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.18 higher than the ECMWF at a 6-month lead time. The physical interpretability of the ML models is also analyzed, showing that subsurface ocean heat content anomalies to be a critical new predictor for BKSICA. These results highlight the effectiveness of the ML models in seasonal sea ice prediction.
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