| Citation: | Jinwei Li, Wei Gao, Yuzhou Zhuo, Yitong Guo. In situ Sulfur Isotopic Analysis of Pyrite from Qinglong Antimony Deposit in the Youjiang Basin, SW China: Implications for Ore Genesis. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1152-1165. doi: 10.1007/s12583-024-0058-4
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Gold (Au) and antimony (Sb) are two critical metals that commonly co-occur in sedimentary rock-hosted deposits. However, the genetic relationship between Au and Sb mineralization remains unclear. The Youjiang Basin, located in the low-temperature metallogenic domain of South China, hosts many important Au-Sb deposits. Among these, the Qinglong Deposit stands out as the largest vein-type Sb deposit in the basin, with approximately 300 kilotons of Sb and extensive Au mineralization. In this study, novel data from Nano-SIMS elemental mapping and sulfur isotopic analysis on paragenetically-constrained pyrite from Qinglong are provided, aiming to better understand the origin of reduced sulfur in the Au and Sb mineralization stages, as well as the genetic mechanism of Au and Sb mineralization. Four types of pyrite were identified at Qinglong based on microtextural observations and chemical features. Framboidal pyrite (Py1) and columnar pyrite (Py2) are mainly identified from the least-altered host rocks, contain no Au and Sb, and display largely negative δ34S values (-52.1‰– -44.5‰) and positive δ34S values (7.5‰–10.5‰), respectively, suggesting they formed during sedimentary and diagenetic stages. Zoned pyrite (Py3), which only occurs in hydrothermal mineralized samples, exhibits core (Py3a)-mantle (Py3b)-rim (Py3c) textures. Py3b contains elevated Sb and Pb but no Au, and has high δ34S values (-0.5‰–10.4‰), recording a possible episode of hydrothermal fluids that predated Au mineralization. Additionally, the alteration and recrystallization of Py1 by this episode of fluids led to the formation of Py3a. Py3c contains high As and Au contents, and shows most δ34S values between -1‰ and 3.2‰, representing Au mineralization stage. The sharp boundaries, distinct trace elements, and different δ34S values between Py3b and Py3c suggest that they formed from two discrete hydrothermal events. Relatively homogeneous pyrite (Py4) is intergrown with stibnite and formed specifically during Sb mineralization stage. Both Py3c and Py4 display similar δ34S signatures consistent with magmatic sulfur. Based on these observations, we propose that ore-forming fluids of Au and Sb mineralization at Qinglong may be originated from same deep magmatic-hydrothermal system, and fluids evolution and precipitation mechanism were the key factors controlling their differentiation. Meanwhile, our study demonstrates that the high-resolution in situ sulfur isotopic and trace elemental analysis of pyrite can effectively discern ore-forming fluid events and elucidate the differentiation mechanism of ore-forming elements.
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