Unraveling the India-Eurasia Collision Pattern: Insights from Subduction to Collision-Related Magmatism in the Chagai Hills

Guangping Zeng; Yunying Zhang; Zhen Sun; Mubashir Mehmood; Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi; Xiuquan Miao; Liheng Sun; Xuqing Li

doi:10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z

Volume 37 Issue 3

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Journal of Earth Science > 2026 > 37(3): 1055-1069.

Guangping Zeng, Yunying Zhang, Zhen Sun, Mubashir Mehmood, Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi, Xiuquan Miao, Liheng Sun, Xuqing Li. Unraveling the India-Eurasia Collision Pattern: Insights from Subduction to Collision-Related Magmatism in the Chagai Hills. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1055-1069. doi: 10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z

Citation:

Guangping Zeng, Yunying Zhang, Zhen Sun, Mubashir Mehmood, Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi, Xiuquan Miao, Liheng Sun, Xuqing Li. Unraveling the India-Eurasia Collision Pattern: Insights from Subduction to Collision-Related Magmatism in the Chagai Hills. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1055-1069. doi: 10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z

Citation:

Guangping Zeng, Yunying Zhang, Zhen Sun, Mubashir Mehmood, Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi, Xiuquan Miao, Liheng Sun, Xuqing Li. Unraveling the India-Eurasia Collision Pattern: Insights from Subduction to Collision-Related Magmatism in the Chagai Hills. Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(3): 1055-1069. doi: 10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z

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Unraveling the India-Eurasia Collision Pattern: Insights from Subduction to Collision-Related Magmatism in the Chagai Hills

doi: 10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z

Guangping Zeng^{1, 2, 3
,},
Yunying Zhang^{1, 2, 4
,
,
,},
Zhen Sun^{2, 4
,
,
,},
Mubashir Mehmood^5
,,
Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi^{3, 4, 6
,},
Xiuquan Miao^{1, 4
,},
Liheng Sun^{1, 4},
Xuqing Li^{1, 3
,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
2.
China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
5.
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico Ⅱ, 80126 Napoli, Italy
6.
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Directorate, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan

More Information

Corresponding author: Yunying Zhang, zhangyunying@scsio.ac.cn; Zhen Sun, zhensun@scsio.ac.cn
Received Date: 07 Dec 2024
Accepted Date: 31 Mar 2025

Available Online: 10 Jun 2026

Issue Publish Date: 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The pattern of India-Eurasia collision is critical for understanding plateau uplift and Cenozoic global climate change. However, the initial collisional timing and location remain debated. This study investigates magmatic rocks from the Chagai Hills in the western India-Eurasia collision zone, integrating petrological, geochronological and geochemical analyses of andesites (56.2 Ma), granodiorites (50.0 Ma) and granites (51.6–47.5 Ma). The arc-like andesites with depleted Nb-Ta-Ti, low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.704 2–0.705 1 and high ε_Nd(t) of 4.3–4.5, reflect a subduction-modified mantle origin. Granodiorites display adakitic features, including elevated Sr/Y (> 131) ratios and high Sr (> 761 ppm) but low Y (< 6.26 ppm) concentrations as well as high Mg^# (53–61) values, Cr (up to 122 ppm) and Ni (up to 44.5 ppm) contents, pointing to a derivation from interaction of delaminated lower crustal melts with mantle peridotite under a collision-related setting. The Ⅰ-type granites with low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.704 1–0.704 4 and high ε_Nd(t) (4.0–4.2) values were likely originated from juvenile lower crustal melts. Coupled with regional geological and paleogeographic data, it is suggested that the 56.2 Ma arc andesites were formed during the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, while the delamination-related adakitic granodiorites (50.0 Ma) and lower crust-derived granites (51.6–47.5 Ma) were produced during the collisional stage. Therefore, the tectonic transition from subduction to collision in the Chagai area occurred between 56.2 and 51.6 Ma. Obviously, the collision in the Chagai area took place later than the initial collision in the central India-Eurasia collision zone (Gangdese, ~59 ± 1 Ma), supporting a diachronous collision model that collision initiated in the center zone and subsequently propagated laterally.
- India-Eurasia collision pattern,
- Chagai Hills,
- magmatism,
- transition from subduction to collision,
- geochemistry

Electronic Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials (ESM Ⅰ Figure S1, ESM Ⅱ Tables S1–S3) are available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-025-0244-z.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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