| Citation: | Stefano Vitale, Stefano Albanese, Maurizio Ambrosino, Pietro Boni, Domenico Cicchella, Claudio De Paola, Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe, Carmela Fabozzi, Roberto Isaia, Jacopo Natale, Mubashir Mehmood, Fabio Pagliara, Ernesto Paolo Prinzi, Antonio Troiano, Sabatino Ciarcia. Slow Fluid Leakage along Faults: A Multidisciplinary Study on the Mud Volcanoes of the Bolle della Malvizza (Southern Apennines, Italy). Journal of Earth Science, 2026, 37(4): 1654-1675. doi: 10.1007/s12583-026-0506-4
|
This study presents a multidisciplinary investigation of the Bolle della Malvizza mud volcanoes, located in the southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt (Italy), aimed at characterizing these structures and constraining processes and sources of mud and gas leakage. Twelve main vents are present, continuously and slowly ejecting mud, saltwater, and gases, including CH4 and CO2. We carried out different investigations, including (ⅰ) stratigraphic and structural surveys, (ⅱ) topographic and morphometric evaluations using a digital elevation model obtained by drone photogrammetry, (ⅲ) geochemical measurements of CO2 flux, radioactivity and soil pH and (ⅳ) geophysical surveys including electrical resistivity tomography, induced polarization and self potential. Nine main groups of mud volcanoes are present in the area, varying in size (from a few centimeters to 13 meters) and height (from ~3 to 15 cm). These mud eruptive vents are aligned along the ENE-WSW and N-S directed normal faults. The geogenic CO2 flux is low when compared to other non-volcanic emissions in the southern Apennines. The electrical resistivity tomography reveals conductive volumes interpreted as clay-rich layers alternating with resistive bodies of clay-marly rocks, and conductive layers corresponding to shallow and deep aquifers. The induced polarization data highlights high-chargeability zones linked to clay-rich bodies and a narrow vertical conduit connecting deeper conductive zones to shallow levels. Self-potential data show a pronounced negative anomaly aligned with the main vents, spatially matching the high-chargeability conduit and a resistivity inflexion in the electrical section. Ground deformation modelling and Monte Carlo simulation suggest a source at ~110 m depth, with a negative volume change of ~5 × 105 m3. We propose a conceptual model in which deep fluids slowly ascend along damage zones of two major faults, interacting with the surficial aquifer and the clayey host rock, and accumulate in a shallow reservoir that gradually releases muddy fluids to the surface, forming mud volcanoes that are continuously eroded during rainfall events.
| Abidin, H. Z., Davies, R. J., Kusuma, M. A., et al., 2009. Subsidence and Uplift of Sidoarjo (East Java) Due to the Eruption of the Lusi Mud Volcano (2006-Present). Environmental Geology, 57(4): 833–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1363-4 |
| Ascione, A., Ciotoli, G., Bigi, S., et al., 2018. Assessing Mantle versus Crustal Sources for Non-Volcanic Degassing along Fault Zones in the Actively Extending Southern Apennines Mountain Belt (Italy). GSA Bulletin, 130(9/10): 1697–1722. https://doi.org/10.1130/b31869.1 |
| Aubert, M., Atangana, Q. Y., 1996. Self-Potential Method in Hydrogeological Exploration of Volcanic Areas. Groundwater, 34(6): 1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02166.x |
| Barber, A. J., Tjokrosapoetraon, S., Chadton, T. R., 1986. Mud Volcanoes, Hale Diapirs, Wrench Faults and Mélanges in Accretionary Complexes, Eastern Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin, 70: 1729–1741. https://doi.org/10.1306/94886CA9-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D |
| Barde-Cabusson, S., Finizola, A., Grobbe, N., 2021. A Practical Approach for Self-Potential Data Acquisition, Processing, and Visualization. Interpretation, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 9(1): T123–T143. https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0012.1 |
| Battaglia, M., Cervelli, P. F., Murray, J. R., 2013. Modeling Crustal Deformation near Active Faults and Volcanic Centers: A Catalog of Deformation Models. U. S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, 13-B1: 96. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/13/b1 http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/13/b1 |
| Bolós, X., Del Ángel, V., Villanueva-Estrada, R. E., et al., 2022. Surface Hydrothermal Activity Controlled by the Active Structural System in the Self-Sealing Geothermal Field of Acoculco (Mexico). Geothermics, 101: 102372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102372 |
| Bongo, F., 1916. Osservazioni Sulle Salse Dette "Bolle Della Malvizza" nel Territorio di Montecalvo Irpino, Circondario di Ariano di Puglia (Tav. Ⅲ). Bollettino Società Geologica Italiana, 35(2): 102–110 (in Italian) |
| Bonini, M., 2008. Elliptical Mud Volcano Caldera as Stress Indicator in an Active Compressional Setting (Nirano, Pede-Apennine Margin, Northern Italy). Geology, 36(2): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1130/g24158a.1 |
| Bonini, M., 2009. Mud Volcano Eruptions and Earthquakes in the Northern Apennines and Sicily, Italy. Tectonophysics, 474(3/4): 723–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.018 |
| Bonini, M., 2012. Mud Volcanoes: Indicators of Stress Orientation and Tectonic Controls. Earth-Science Reviews, 115(3): 121–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.09.002 |
| Breen, N. A., Silver, E. A., Hussong, D. M., 1986. Structural Styles of an Accretionary Wedge South of the Island of Sumba, Indonesia, Revealed by SeaMARC Ⅱ Side Scan Sonar. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97(10): 1250–1261. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)971250:ssoaaw>2.0.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1986)971250:ssoaaw>2.0.co;2 |
| Brown, K. M., 1987. Physical and Structural Processes Accretionary Complexes: The Role of Fluids in Convergent Margin Development: [Dissertation]. Durham University, Durham. 412 |
| Brown, K., Westbrook, G. K., 1988. Mud Diapirism and Subcretion in the Barbados Ridge Accretionary Complex: The Role of Fluids in Accretionary Processes. Tectonics, 7(3): 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1029/tc007i003p00613 |
| Capozzi, R., Picotti, V., 2002. Fluid Migration and Origin of a Mud Volcano in the Northern Apennines (Italy): The Role of Deeply Rooted Normal Faults. Terra Nova, 14(5): 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00430.x |
| Carbone, S., Lentini, F., Branca, S., 2010. Note Illustrative Della Carta Geologica d'Italia a Scala 1 : 50 000: Foglio 633 Paternò. ISPRA, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Roma. 160 |
|
Carragher, P. D., Ross, A., 2013. Natural Seepage Systems at Biloxi & Dauphin Domes & Mars Mud Volcano, North East Mississippi Canyon Protraction Area, Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Technology Conference, May 6–9, 2013. Houston, Texas, USA. OTC-24191-MS. |
| Cartwright, J., Kirkham, C., Espinoza, D. N., et al., 2023. The Evolution of Depletion Zones beneath Mud Volcanoes. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 155: 106351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106351 |
| Chiodini, G., Cardellini, C., Amato, A., et al., 2004. Carbon Dioxide Earth Degassing and Seismogenesis in Central and Southern Italy. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(7): L07615. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019480 |
| Chiodini, G., Granieri, D., Avino, R., et al., 2010. Non-Volcanic CO2 Earth Degassing: Case of Mefite d'Ansanto (Southern Apennines), Italy. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(11): L11303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl042858 |
| Ciarcia, S., Vitale, S., 2025. Orogenic Evolution of the Northern Calabria-Southern Apennines System in the Framework of the Alpine Chains in the Central-Western Mediterranean Area. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 137(3/4): 1143–1176. https://doi.org/10.1130/b37474.1 |
| Cicchella, D., Giaccio, L., Albanese, S., et al., 2010. Geochemical Environmental Atlas of the Soils of Urban Area and Province of Benevento. ISBN: 978-88-548-3729-4. ARACNE Editor Srl., Rome. 280 |
| Cook, S. E., Corner, R. J., Groves, P. R., et al., 1996. Use of Airborne Gamma Radiometric Data for Soil Mapping. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 34(1): 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1071/sr9960183 |
| Corniello, A., Guida, M., Stellato, L., et al., 2022. Hydrochemical, Isotopic and Microbiota Characterization of Telese Mineral Waters (Southern Italy). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 44(7): 1949–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00806-4 |
| Deng, X. S., Tang, Z. A., 2011. Moving Surface Spline Interpolation Based on Green's Function. Mathematical Geosciences, 43(6): 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-011-9346-5 |
| Deville, E., Battani, A., Griboulard, R., et al., 2003. The Origin and Processes of Mud Volcanism: New Insights from Trinidad. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216(1): 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.216.01.31 |
| Di Giuseppe, M. G., Troiano, A., Di Vito, M. A., et al., 2017. Definition of Small-Scale Volcanic Structures by Electrical Resistivity Tomography: The Trentaremi Cone, an Example from the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy). Annals of Geophysics, 60(5): S0552. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7397 |
| Di Giuseppe, M. G., Troiano, A., Fedele, A., et al., 2015. Electrical Resistivity Tomography Imaging of the Near-Surface Structure of the Solfatara Crater, Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy). Bulletin of Volcanology, 77(4): 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0910-6 |
| Dimitrov, L. I., 2002. Mud Volcanoes—The Most Important Pathway for Degassing Deeply Buried Sediments. Earth-Science Reviews, 59(1/2/3/4): 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00069-7 |
| Doll, M., Riedel, M., Römer, M., et al., 2025. Sartori Mud Volcano of the Calabrian Accretionary Prism (Mediterranean Sea) and the Architecture of Its Mudflows over the Last 56 ka. Marine Geophysical Research, 46(3): 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-025-09585-4 |
| Duchi, V., Minissale, A., Vaselli, O., et al., 1995. Hydrogeochemistry of the Campania Region in Southern Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 67(4): 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00109-T |
| Etiope, G., Feyzullayev, A., Milkov, A. V., et al., 2009. Evidence of Subsurface Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons and Potential Secondary Methanogenesis in Terrestrial Mud Volcanoes. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(9): 1692–1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.12.002 |
| Etiope, G., Martinelli, G., Caracausi, A., et al., 2007. Methane Seeps and Mud Volcanoes in Italy: Gas Origin, Fractionation and Emission to the Atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(14): L14303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030341 |
| Etiope, G., Nakada, R., Tanaka, K., et al., 2011. Gas Seepage from Tokamachi Mud Volcanoes, Onshore Niigata Basin (Japan): Origin, Post-Genetic Alterations and CH4-CO2 Fluxes. Applied Geochemistry, 26(3): 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.12.008 |
| Evans, R. J., Davies, R. J., Stewart, S. A., 2007. Internal Structure and Eruptive History of a Kilometre-Scale Mud Volcano System, South Caspian Sea. Basin Research, 19(1): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00315.x |
| Flechsig, C., Bussert, R., Rechner, J., et al., 2008. The Hartoušov Mofette Field in the Cheb Basin, Western Eger Rift (Czech Republic): A Comperative Geoelectric, Sedimentologic and Soil Gas Study of a Magmatic Diffuse CO2-Degassing Structure. Zeitschrift fur Geologische Wissenschaften, 36(3): 177–193 |
| Gattuso, A., Italiano, F., Capasso, G., et al., 2021. The Mud Volcanoes at Santa Barbara and Aragona (Sicily, Italy): A Contribution to Risk Assessment. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21(11): 3407–3419. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3407-2021 |
| Gori, F., Barberio, M. D., 2022. Hydrogeochemical Changes before and during the 2019 Benevento Seismic Swarm in Central-Southern Italy. Journal of Hydrology, 604: 127250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127250 |
| Gori, F., Barberio, M. D., Barbieri, M., et al., 2024. Groundwater–Rock Interactions and Mixing in Fault-Controlled Karstic Aquifers: A Structural, Hydrogeochemical and Multi-Isotopic Review of the Pontina Plain (Central Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 951: 175439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175439 |
| Higgins, G. E., Saunders, J. B., 1974. Mud Volcanoes-Their Nature and Origin: Contribution to the Geology and Paleobiology of the Caribbean and Adjacent Areas. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 84(1): 101–152 |
|
Hendershot, W., Lalande, H., Duquette, M., 2007. Ion Exchange and Exchangeable Cations. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis: 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton. |
| Hovland, M., Judd, A. G., 1988. Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages: Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine Environment. ISBN: 0860109488. Graham and Trotman, London |
| Ippolito, F., Ortolani, F., Russo, M., 1973. Struttura Marginale Tirrenica Dell'Appennino Campano: Interpretazione dei Dati di Antiche Ricerche di Idrocarburi. Memorie Società Geologica Italiana, 12: 227–250 |
| Isaia, R., Di Giuseppe, M. G., Natale, J., et al., 2021. Volcano-Tectonic Setting of the Pisciarelli Fumarole Field, Campi Flegrei Caldera, Southern Italy: Insights into Fluid Circulation Patterns and Hazard Scenarios. Tectonics, 40(5): e2020TC006227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020tc006227 |
| Isaia, R., Di Giuseppe, M. G., Troiano, A., et al., 2022. Structure and Present State of the Astroni Volcano in the Campi Flegrei Caldera in Italy Based on Multidisciplinary Investigations. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(12): e2022GC010534. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010534 |
| Kopf, A. J., 2002. Significance of Mud Volcanism. Reviews of Geophysics, 40(2): 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000093 |
| Loke, M. H., Barker, R. D., 1995. Least-Squares Deconvolution of Apparent Resistivity Pseudosections. Geophysics, 60(6): 1682–1690. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443900 |
| Mammino, P., 2014. Mud Volcanoes of Paternò and Belpasso on the Southwestern Slope of Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Memorie Descrittive Carta Geologica d'Italia, 102: 171–182 |
| Manga, M., Bonini, M., 2012. Large Historical Eruptions at Subaerial Mud Volcanoes, Italy. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 12(11): 3377–3386. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3377-2012 |
| Martinelli, G., Judd, A., 2004. Mud Volcanoes of Italy. Geological Journal, 39(1): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.943 |
| Mazzini, A., Etiope, G., 2017. Mud Volcanism: An Updated Review. Earth-Science Reviews, 168: 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.001 |
| Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., et al., 2009. When Mud Volcanoes Sleep: Insight from Seep Geochemistry at the Dashgil Mud Volcano, Azerbaijan. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(9): 1704–1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.11.003 |
| Mellors, R., Kilb, D., Aliyev, A., et al., 2007. Correlations between Earthquakes and Large Mud Volcano Eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B4): B04304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jb004489 |
| Milkov, A. V., 2000. Worldwide Distribution of Submarine Mud Volcanoes and Associated Gas Hydrates. Marine Geology, 167(1/2): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00022-0 |
| Minissale, A., 2004. Origin, Transport and Discharge of CO2 in Central Italy. Earth-Science Reviews, 66(1/2): 89–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.09.001 |
| Minissale, A., Magro, G., Martinelli, G., et al., 2000. Fluid Geochemical Transect in the Northern Apennines (Central-Northern Italy): Fluid Genesis and Migration and Tectonic Implications. Tectonophysics, 319(3): 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00031-7 |
| Mogi, K. 1958. Relations between the Eruptions of Various Volcanoes and the Deformations of the Ground Surface around Them. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. , 36: 99–134 |
| Natale, J., Vitale, S., Repola, L., et al., 2024. Geomorphic Analysis of Digital Elevation Model Generated from Vintage Aerial Photographs: A Glance at the Pre-Urbanization Morphology of the Active Campi Flegrei Caldera. Geomorphology, 460: 109267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109267 |
| Nicolai, C., Gambini, R., 2007. Structural Architecture of the Adria Platform-and-Basin System. Bollettino Società Geologica Italiana, 7(Special Issue): 21–37 |
| Oppo, D., Capozzi, R., 2016. Spatial Association of Mud Volcano and Sandstone Intrusions, Boyadag Anticline, Western Turkmenistan. Basin Research, 28(6): 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12136 |
| Oppo, D., Capozzi, R., Nigarov, A., et al., 2014. Mud Volcanism and Fluid Geochemistry in the Cheleken Peninsula, Western Turkmenistan. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 57: 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.009 |
| Pace, F., Santilano, A., Godio, A., 2019. Particle Swarm Optimization of 2D Magnetotelluric Data. Geophysics, 84(3): E125–E141. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0166.1 |
| Patacca, E., Scandone, P., 2007. Geology of Southern Apennines. In: Mazzotti, A., Patacca, E., Scandone, P., eds., Results of the CROP Project, Sub-Project CROP-04. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 7(Special Issue): 75–119 |
| Pescatore, T., Renda, P., Schiattarella, M., et al., 1999. Stratigraphic and Structural Relationships between Meso-Cenozoic Lagonegro Basin and Coeval Carbonate Platforms in Southern Apennines, Italy. Tectonophysics, 315(1/2/3/4): 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00278-4 |
| Pingue, L., Marrone, G., 1970. Le Bolle Della Malvizza. Faber, 4: 47–64 |
| Raich, J. W., Potter, C. S., 1995. Global Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(1): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1029/94gb02723 |
| Rau, W. W., Grocock, G. R., 1974. Piercement Structure Outcrops along the Washington Coast. Washington Division of Mines and Earth Research, lnf. Circ., Olympia. 51: 7 |
| Revil, A., Cathles, L. M., 2002. Fluid Transport by Solitary Waves along Growing Faults: A Field Example from the South Eugene Island Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202(2): 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00784-7 |
| Revil, A., Finizola, A., Gresse, M., 2023. Self-Potential as a Tool to Assess Groundwater Flow in Hydrothermal Systems: A Review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 437: 107788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107788 |
| Revil, A., Finizola, A., Piscitelli, S., et al., 2008. Inner Structure of La Fossa Di Vulcano (Vulcano Island, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) Revealed by High-Resolution Electric Resistivity Tomography Coupled with Self-Potential, Temperature, and CO2 Diffuse Degassing Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B7): B07207. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005394 |
| Revil, A., Jardani, A., 2013. The Self-Potential Method: Theory and Applications in Environmental Geosciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139094252 |
| Richards, K., Revil, A., Jardani, A., et al., 2010. Pattern of Shallow Ground Water Flow at Mount Princeton Hot Springs, Colorado, Using Geoelectrical Methods. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 198(1/2): 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.001 |
| Roberts, K. S., Stewart, S. A., Davies, R. J., et al., 2011. Sector Collapse of Mud Volcanoes, Azerbaijan. Journal of the Geological Society, 168(1): 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-115 |
| Rogie, J. D., Kerrick, D. M., Chiodini, G., et al., 2000. Flux Measurements of Nonvolcanic CO2 Emission from Some Vents in Central Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 105(B4): 8435–8445. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900430 |
| Rufino, F., Cuoco, E., Busico, G., et al., 2021. Deep Carbon Degassing in the Matese Massif Chain (Southern Italy) Inferred by Geochemical and Isotopic Data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(34): 46614–46626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11107-1 |
| Salimon, C. I., Davidson, E. A., Victoria, R. L., et al., 2004. CO2 Flux from Soil in Pastures and Forests in Southwestern Amazonia. Global Change Biology, 10(5): 833–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00776.x |
| Salone, R., De Paola, C., Carbonari, R., et al., 2023. High-Resolution Geoelectrical Characterization and Monitoring of Natural Fluids Emission Systems to Understand Possible Gas Leakages from Geological Carbon Storage Reservoirs. Scientific Reports, 13: 18585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45637-8 |
| Sciarra, A., Cantucci, B., Ricci, T., et al., 2019. Geochemical Characterization of the Nirano Mud Volcano, Italy. Applied Geochemistry, 102: 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.01.006 |
|
Soto, J. I., Santos-Betancor, I., Sanchez Borrego, I., et al., 2011. Shale Diapirism and Associated Folding History in the South Caspian Basin (Offshore Azerbaijan). AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition: Making the Next Giant Leap in Geosciences, April 10–13, 2011, Houston. 30162. |
| Stride, A. H., Belderson, R. H., Kenyon, N. H., 1982. Structural Grain, Mud Volcanoes and Other Features on the Barbados Ridge Complex Revealed by Gloria Long-Range Side-Scan Sonar. Marine Geology, 49(1/2): 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90036-6 |
| Tarchini, L., Ranaldi, M., Carapezza, M. L., et al., 2019. Multidisciplinary Studies of Diffuse Soil CO2 Flux, Gas Permeability, Self-Potential, Soil Temperature Highlight the Structural Architecture of Fondi Di Baia Craters (Campi Flegrei Caldera, Italy). Annals of Geophysics, 62(1): VO05. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7683 |
| Tassi, F., Fiebig, J., Vaselli, O., et al., 2012. Origins of Methane Discharging from Volcanic-Hydrothermal, Geothermal and Cold Emissions in Italy. Chemical Geology, 310: 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.018 |
| Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., 1990. Applied Geophysics: 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139167932 |
| Troiano, A., Isaia, R., Tramparulo, F. D. A., et al., 2021. The Pisciarelli Main Fumarole Mechanisms Reconstructed by Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization Imaging. Scientific Reports, 11: 18639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97413-1 |
|
ViDEPI Project, 2026. Visibility of Petroleum Exploration Data in Italy. (March 3, 2026). |
| Vitale, S., Albanese, S., Di Maio, R., et al., 2023. Insights on the Active Southern Matese Fault System through Geological, Geochemical, and Geophysical Investigations of the CO2 Gas Vent in the Solopaca Area (Southern Apennines, Italy). Tectonophysics, 846: 229657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229657 |
| Vitale, S., Cardello, G. L., Cavalcante, F., et al., 2025a. The Anchimetamorphic Tectonic Mélange of Tempa Roccarossa (Southern Apennines, Italy): Insights on the Kinematic and Thermobaric Evolution of the Upper Miocene-Pliocene Orogenic Wedge. Tectonics, 44(5): e2024TC008503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024tc008503 |
| Vitale, S., Ciarcia, S., 2022. The Dismembering of the Adria Platforms Following the Late Cretaceous-Eocene Abortive Rift: A Review of the Tectono-Stratigraphic Record in the Southern Apennines. International Geology Review, 64(20): 2866–2889. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2021.2004559 |
| Vitale, S., Di Giuseppe, M. G., Fabozzi, C., et al., 2025b. Geophysical, Geochemical, and Structural Investigations of Natural Non-Volcanic Degassing in Oliveto Citra Area (Southern Apennines): Understandings of Structural Controls on CO2 Leakage. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 173: 107264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107264 |
| Vitale, S., Ciarcia, S., 2018. Tectono-Stratigraphic Setting of the Campania Region (Southern Italy). Journal of Maps, 14(2): 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1424655 |
| Vitale, S., Ciarcia, S., Tramparulo, F. D., 2013. Deformation and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Ligurian Accretionary Complex in the Southern Apennines (Italy). Journal of Geodynamics, 66: 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.02.008 |
| Vitale, S., Prinzi, E. P., Tramparulo, F. D., et al., 2020. Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Out-of-Sequence Thrusting in the Southern Apennines (Italy). Geosciences, 10(8): 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080301 |
| Westoby, M. J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N. F., et al., 2012. 'Structure-from-Motion' Photogrammetry: A Low-Cost, Effective Tool for Geoscience Applications. Geomorphology, 179: 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.021 |
| Yoshioka, K., 1994. Study of Time Variation of Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Due to Depth Distribution of Soil Moisture Content. Radioisotopes, 43(4): 183–189. https://doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.43.183 |
Figures(13) / Tables(1)
Copyright © 2013-2020 Journal of Earth Science 鄂ICP备15021562号-2
Tel: +86-27-67885075 Fax: +86-27-67885075 E-mail: xbb@cug.edu.cn
Address: Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Yujiashan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
Supported by:
Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd
E-mail:
info@rhhz.net
DownLoad:
